United States Constitution
(→Almost amendments) |
(→Article 2) |
||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
Creates the executive branch. Establishes the office of the [[President of the United States]] and the qualifications for holding that office. | Creates the executive branch. Establishes the office of the [[President of the United States]] and the qualifications for holding that office. | ||
| − | Notable powers: Commander in Chief of the military, make treaties with other nations (pursuant to approval by the Senate), and appoint federal judges (who have to be approved by the Senate). | + | Notable powers: Commander in Chief of the military, can veto laws passed by Congress, make treaties with other nations (pursuant to approval by the Senate), and appoint federal judges (who have to be approved by the Senate). |
===Article 3=== | ===Article 3=== | ||
Revision as of 19:37, 1 November 2012
The United States Constitution is the second or third founding document for the United States of America, after the Declaration of Independence, and after the Articles of Confederation just didn't work out.
The Constitution is an intricately designed document, meant to preserve the liberty of the country by making sure that no one part of the government could go off and do stupid things without the consent of the rest of it. It also worked to make sure that no silly factions or parties would spring up. We're so glad that it's worked out so well.
It should be noted that, despite some beliefs to the contrary, the Constitution does not say that this is a Christian country, nor does it call on God in any real way. The only substantive reference to religion is a ban on religious qualifications for office. In fact, people who want to claim that the U.S. is a Christian nation are often reduced to citing the phrase "year of our Lord" appearing in the signature; but at the time this was just a reckoning of years, and did not carry the specifically Christian meaning it does today.
The writers of the Constitution were also smart enough to realize that it might not work for all time, and so put in place a means to change it if circumstances should require. This was done immediately, and thus Americans also have the Bill of Rights. While it tried very hard to do so, and managed to severely curtail many individuals' constitutional rights, the Bush administration was unable to completely shred the rest of it. We'll see how much the Obama administration will do to reverse this trend. (This forward-thinking by the founders would seem to argue against originalism as well, but many seem to think otherwise.)
Overview
The US Constitution has seven articles and twenty-seven amendments.
Articles: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7
Amendments: 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 11 - 12 - 13 - 14 - 15 - 16 - 17 - 18 - 19 - 20 - 21 - 22 - 23 - 24 - 25 - 26 - 27
Articles of the US Constitution
Article 1
Creates the legislative branch of the federal government, a bicameral congress with a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Notable powers: Pass laws, declare war, prosecute and try impeachments.
Article 2
Creates the executive branch. Establishes the office of the President of the United States and the qualifications for holding that office.
Notable powers: Commander in Chief of the military, can veto laws passed by Congress, make treaties with other nations (pursuant to approval by the Senate), and appoint federal judges (who have to be approved by the Senate).
Article 3
Creates Judicial Branch. Establishes the Supreme Court, defines when it has appellate or original jurisdiction, and leaves the creation of lower courts to Congress.
Notable powers: Interpret the Constitution, and Justices serve for life.
Article 4
Relationships between states. Establishes that states should give "full faith and credit" to each others laws.
Article 5
Establishes procedures for amending the constitution.
Article 6
The US under the constitution inherits the debts it had under the Articles of Confederation. Also, the constitution and all Federal laws and treaties are the supreme law of the land, and no one in the government can be required to take a religious test to hold office.
Article 7
Describes how this constitution was to be ratified.
Amendments
The Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights.
1st Amendment
Overview: Freedom of the press, religion, assembly, petition, and speech.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
2nd Amendment
Overview: Right to bear arms and maintain a well-regulated militia.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
3rd Amendment
Overview: Soldiers can't stay in someone's home without their permission.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
4th Amendment
Overview: The police need a warrant to search your house or arrest you (more or less invalidated by the PATRIOT Act).
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
5th Amendment
Overview: The government can't make people incriminate themselves. It can't take life, liberty, or property without due process of law. It can't try someone over and over again hoping for a different result. Private property can't be taken by the government without paying for it.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
6th Amendment
Overview: Rights to; speedy trial, public trial, counsel (lawyers, ugh), and to know what exactly it is you're accused of.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
7th Amendment
Overview: If you are sued by someone for more than $20 (which was a lot in 1791) then you have the right to a trial by jury.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
8th Amendment
Overview: No excessive bail, no cruel or unusual punishment.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
9th Amendment
Overview: The rights provided by the Constitution are inclusive, not exclusive; people are allowed to have other rights beside these.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
10th Amendment
Overview: If the power wasn't given to the federal government, then either the states have that power, or the people do.
Added: Dec. 15, 1791
In-betweenies
11th Amendment
Overview: You can't sue a state you don't live in via the federal courts. This was passed as a result of the SCOTUS case Chisholm v. Georgia. It's kinda interesting.
Added: Feb. 7, 1795
12th Amendment
Overview: Boring crap about the Electoral College. Also responsible for all the "OBAMA/Biden" and "ROMNEY/Ryan" bumper stickers you see; prior to this amendment, the candidate with the 2nd highest number of votes for President became Vice President, and there were no "running mates."
Added: June 15, 1804
The Civil War Amendments
The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments are called the Civil War Amendments because they dealt with the aftermath of the Civil War. Generally speaking, they reaffirmed the rights of U.S. citizens (but stopped short of giving women the right to vote) and tackled some overarching questions that had been debated over the years since the Constitution's adoption.
13th Amendment
Overview: Abolishes slavery. (The Emancipation Proclamation freed most of the slaves in the country, but it left slaves in Union states still in servitude)
Added: Dec. 6th, 1865
14th Amendment
Overview: Defines US Citizenship and says states can't trample on your rights. (Of course, the states then went on to trample on people's rights with Jim Crow laws.) This amendment is heavily used to defend and define newly recognized rights.
Added: July 9, 1868
15th Amendment
Overview: Gave blacks the right to vote. (But not women, who, except for Ann Coulter and Phyllis Schlafly, were livid over the exclusion.)
Added: Feb. 3, 1870
20th- and 21st-century amendments
16th Amendment
Overview: Eliminated the messes involved in passing a Federal income tax. (Infamous for being the cause of the IRS.)
Added: Feb 3, 1913
17th Amendment
Overview: Shifted the election of Senators from state legislators to direct elections.
Added: Apr. 8, 1913
18th Amendment
Overview: Prohibited the sale of alcohol. Infamous for giving Al Capone something to do.
Added: Jan. 16, 1919
19th Amendment
Overview: Gave women the right to vote. (Finally!) Prior to this amendment's ratification, it was up to each state to decide whether or not to extend suffrage to women; most of them didn't.
Added: Aug. 18, 1920
20th Amendment
Overview: Moved the inauguration of the President and Vice President up to Jan. 20. (It used to be in March.) This means that a president-elect only has to wait two months instead of four before the Oval Office gets vacated.
Added: Jan. 23, 1933
21st Amendment
Overview: Repeals the 18th amendment, ending prohibition. (Finally!) Unfortunately, Al Capone is in jail for tax evasion due to the 16th amendment.
Added: Dec. 5, 1933
22nd Amendment
Overview: Two-term limit for US Presidents.
Added: Feb. 27, 1951
23rd Amendment
Overview: Gave Washington, D.C. three electors. (Finally!)[1]
Added: Mar. 29, 1961
24th Amendment
Overview: Eliminates the poll tax. (The only tax so heinous that it had to be banned via a constitutional amendment.)
Added: Jan. 23, 1964
25th Amendment
Overview: Boring stuff about the line of succession for the Prez.
Added: Feb. 10, 1967
26th Amendment
Overview: After years of sending 18 year olds to die overseas, adults finally see fit to give them the right to vote. 18 year olds promptly squander the opportunity.
Added: July 1, 1971.
27th Amendment
Overview: If Congress gives itself a pay-raise, it won't go into effect until after the next election. That way, congressfolk won't necessarily be sure they will get it when they vote for it. Prevents them from lining their pockets quite so heavily.
Added: May 7, 1992 (It was submitted with the Bill of Rights but languished for over 200 years until ratified by that laggard Michigan.)
Almost amendments
The process for ratifying a new Amendment, laid out in Article 5, is deliberately difficult. The proposed Amendment must be passed by a 2/3 majority in both houses of Congress, and then ratified by at least 3/4 of the States.
Thousands of proposed Amendments have been submitted to Congress.
Of these, only 33 obtained the required 2/3 majority in both houses.
Of these, 27 were ratified by the requisite number of States.
But what about the other 6? The ones that made it through Congress but didn't make it through the States?
That short but interesting list consists of:
- The Congressional Apportionment Amendment: Only one of the original 12 proposed Amendments in the draft Bill of Rights submitted to the States that has never been ratified. Would have changed the way the seats in the House of Representatives were apportioned, until the total number of Representatives swelled to over 200 (like it has today), at which point it would have changed nothing.
- The Titles of Nobility Amendment: The dreaded "missing 13th amendment" of the pseudolaw crowd. Submitted to the states in 1810, this would have revoked the citizenship of anyone who accepted a title of Nobility by a foreign power. Note that putting "Esquire" after your name does not count as a title of Nobility.
- The Corwin Amendment: Submitted to the States in 1861, this would have made it impossible to Amend the constitution in such a way as to outlaw slavery. (Since this didn't get ratified, we got the 13th Amendment instead.)
- The Child Labor Amendment: Submitted to the States in 1924, this would have allowed the Federal government to pass child labor laws. The 1941 Supreme Court case U.S. v. Darby Lumber Co made this amendment unnecessary.
- The Equal Rights Amendment: Submitted to the States in 1972, with a built-in 7 (extended to 10) year time limit on its ratification. It read, in substantive part: "Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex."
- The D.C. Voting Rights Amendment: Submitted to the States in 1978, with a built-in 7 year time limit on its ratification. Not content with the 23rd Amendment, this would have extended full representation in both houses of Congress to the residents of Washington, D.C..
See also
- Needed constitutional amendments according to various editors of this site
- Essay:Second Constitution of the United States, an alternative constitution evolving here at RationalWiki
- Essay:Problems with the current US Constitution, discussion about pluses and minuses with the current US Constitution
Footnotes
- ↑ Ok, now the Finally!s are just a joke.