Distributism
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Distributism was an attempt at forming an economic ideology out of the wake of the May 1891 papal encyclical, the Rerum Novarum, which dealt with the need to ameliorate "the misery and wretchedness pressing so unjustly on the majority of the working class". The Rerum Novarum stated the opposition of the Vatican to both unrestricted modern capitalism and to state socialism, while reaffirming the right to private property and labor unions.
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[edit] Sounds good in theory
Distributism took this opposition to both modern capitalism and state socialism and attempted to form an economic ideology around it. Distributism makes the case that ethics has a place in economics. [1] In theory, Distributism sounds a lot like the same things espoused earlier by such writers as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson, and later by the 1970s back-to-the-land movement. An economy consisting entirely of small-scale entrepreneurs, skilled craftsmen bartering their trade, small family farms, mom-and-pop shops, worker owned cooperatives, and universal property and home ownership was envisioned. To accomplish this, Distributism put a great deal of emphasis on the need to make ownership of private property as widespread and diffuse as possible, with everybody owning a small piece of land, but nobody allowed to accumulate large amounts of land. Mass marketing and commercialism, absentee ownership of rental housing units, and large factories would not be part of this envisioned society.
G.K. Chesterton summed up his opposition to modern capitalism this way: "The problem with capitalism is not too many capitalists, but not enough capitalists". He idealized a world in which everybody was a small-scale capitalist, but no monopoly capitalism could emerge.
[edit] In practice
This is indeed an appealing way to live for many, and people can choose to patronize these sorts of cottage businesses rather than mass marketed product, and get "back to the land" with a small farm, barter and the like, even under the current capitalist system. But Distributism was never able to articulate just how this would work as an economic ideology guiding society as a whole (as opposed to a lifestyle choice for some). Because they were also opposed to state socialism, they had to propose how land would be redistributed among the people without socialistic state intervention, which they were not able to do, although Hilaire Belloc made an attempt in his Essay on the Restoration of Property. Nor was Distributism ever able to successfully articulate how these small cottage industries would be prevented from growing into the large-scale commercial enterprises they were opposed to, as tends to happen under unregulated capitalism, without resorting to the sort of state socialism they were against.
Employers who cannot employ workers profitably at arbitrarily high wages which controlling authorities consider just will fire workers or if they cannot find a legal excuse refuse to replace workers who leave. Either way unemployment will increase. Also not everyone wants to be a small scale entrepreneur or has the ability to do this. [2]
[edit] Catholic connection
Distributism was most closely associated with two Roman Catholic writers in the U.K. who were otherwise known for their theological treatises and detective fiction: G.K. Chesterton, and Hilaire Belloc. T.S. Eliot was also a convert to the Distributist cause. It may have, to some extent, influenced Tolkien and C.S. Lewis, and later on, E.F. Schumacher (author of Small is Beautiful, which found an audience among the 1970s back to the land movement), and Dorothy Day, founder of the pacifist Catholic Worker movement.
Hilaire Belloc was a Catholic apologist whose writings bordered on a cranky sort of fundamentalist Catholicism. His fans today tend to be right-wing Catholics who put a great deal of insistence on Catholicism being a core part of Distributism, and look down on those who show an interest in Belloc's economic ideas without also espousing his religious views. G.K. Chesterton was a more moderate Christian writer, an Anglican for much of his life until he converted to Roman Catholicism late in life. He is better known today for his Father Brown mystery novels.
Much like Georgism (which sprung from the same time period and out of the same miserable conditions wrought by the early industrial revolution), Distributism has found some newfound interest among a small few of the politically "green" persuasion who see it as a possible alternative to capitalism and who promote it in mutated form on the Internet. [3]
[edit] See also
[edit] Footnotes
- ↑ What’s Right with Distributism
- ↑ What’s Wrong with Distributism
- ↑ It has also, for whatever reason, been discovered by some minuscule ultra-nationalist groups in the U.K. who have dabbled in trying to incorporate Distributism (along with anarchism, neo-paganism, feminism, Marxism, the Green Book of Libya, and goodness knows what else) into their various far-right ultra-nationalist ideologies -- but that is another article.