Population bottleneck
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A population bottleneck is an event where a new population of organisms is created from a much larger, pre-existing population via various mechanisms. It is an important concept in the study of genetics, as the gene pool of the new population may not be the same as that of the old and it reduces diversity within the gene pool.
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[edit] Founder effect
The founder effect is a special case of a bottleneck, where a small subset of a population founds a new population, having migrated to a new area, e.g. an island on the coast. The key features of this particular variety of bottleneck are the new location and that the original population survives.
[edit] Examples
The most famous example of the founder effect in humans is in the Amish people of the United States. A small population of Amish left Europe in the early 18th century CE for Pennsylvania. The Amish are not inclined to breed outside their own church, creating a closed population. This has led to the preservation of a number of genetic disorders in the Amish community.[1][2]
[edit] Other bottlenecks
More often, however, what is referred to as a bottleneck is when the majority of a population dies off, leaving only a small number of survivors to go on.
[edit] In human evolution
It is theorised, based on genetic evidence, that a few tens of thousands of years ago the population of Homo sapiens was reduced for a period to a few thousand or tens of thousands of people.[3] Such a bottleneck would explain the extremely low level of genetic diversity found within our species, when contrasted with others, such as Chimps.[4]
[edit] Other examples
Various other animals exhibit signs of having been through a bottleneck at some time, or are going through one at this point. These include:
- The Cheetah, individuals of which are so genetically related to each other that skin grafts can be transplanted without risk of rejection. It may have suffered a bottleneck in the last ice age.[5]
- Similarly, the Giant Panda likely went through a bottleneck around 40,000 years ago.
- Any endangered species can be considered to be going through a population bottleneck at this time.
[edit] Genetic significance
When a new population is formed it is highly unlikely to have the same level of genetic diversity as the parent population. Especially in non-founder effect situations, i.e. when the parent population is killed off, this loss of diversity is permanent. What this means is that if a species comes extremely close to extinction but rebounds, it is not necessarily out of the woods yet. Additionally, an extended bottleneck can lead to inbreeding, causing further problems.
The founder effect can be important in speciation, as the separation of the new population causes it to evolve separately from the parent, and the loss of diversity may paradoxically give the new species a head start in this.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
[edit] Footnotes
- ↑ Genomics in Amish Country
- ↑ Genetic Drift and the Founder Effect - PBS
- ↑ When humans faced extinction - BBC News
- ↑ For more information, see wp:Toba catastrophe theory
- ↑ Berkley on Polymorphisms