Populism
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“”A useful heuristic: Be very suspicious of anyone who is firmly entrenched in power but rails against 'elites.'
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| —Dan Gardner |
Populism is closely aligned with anti-elitism. Populism can be either left or right-wing. Generally speaking, it involves a charismatic leader galvanising support from among the general population, on an issue that arouses a great deal of passion and concern. Depending on the prejudices and outlook of the great masses of the people, this can be either a good or an awfully bad thing. For example, Daniel O'Connell was probably the first populist of the Industrial Revolution who used "people power" in his campaign for Catholic Emancipation in Britain/Ireland. On the other hand, Hitler and stuff.
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[edit] Trouble with defining populism
Many attempts at defining populism run into trouble because they try fitting populism somewhere on the left-right political spectrum, or on a two dimensional spectrum of economic and social freedom. Populism doesn't belong in any one place on the political spectrum because it is a rhetorical style, not a political ideology. Populism can occur anywhere on the political spectrum. It is simply an appeal to the common people in rhetoric, policy, or both, and proclaiming one's identification with common people and against an "elite," however defined. Critics of far-right populism would do well to keep in mind that it isn't the "populism" part that is the main problem, it's the "far-right" part.
Libertarian analyses, such as the Nolan Chart, enframe populism as the opposite of libertarianism, but do not see it as being as extreme as totalitarianism. If one thinks of libertarianism as the belief in economic and social freedom, liberalism as the belief in social freedom and economic regulation and conservatism as the belief in social regulation and economic freedom; populism forms the natural fourth quadrant of social and economic regulation. How this gets interpreted can enter into comedy; see Australia's Bob Katter, who is (in equal measure) a homophobe, anti-immigrant, global warming denier, MRA and gun nut yet supports Keynesian economics.[2]
Many far-right groups would conform to the Nolan definition of populism. The Nazis combined a autarkic economic policy with a far-right racist policy on the ideal of an "Aryan race." Today in modern Britain the British National Party opposes participation in the European Union and is "committed to stemming and reversing the tide of non-white immigration," whilst having a economic policy that supports import tariffs which is further to the left than the Labour Party.
[edit] Populism in practice
In a less extreme version, populism is merely choosing the political positions which have the largest voter support, essential a pick-and-mix based on opinion polls on what should win the most votes. Most politicians choose to avoid the populist label as it is easy for their opponents to attack them as unprincipled and pandering to gain votes.
Also, for this reason, populist politicians may find themselves forced to make unrealistic proposals; for example, while the voters may love a proposal to hand out lots of free cash from the treasury, and vote for someone who proposes it, they might not love the heavy taxation and/or heavy deficits necessary to fund such largesse, and will vote against any politician who admits to these necessities. The populist politician is therefore stuck between ignoring such potential consequences to get himself elected, or facing up to them and losing votes. This is illustrated by a quote often misattributed to Alexis de Tocqueville:
“”The American Republic will endure until the day Congress discovers that it can bribe the public with the public's money.
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Another one of the main issues with populism is that, regardless of where it appears on the political spectrum, it tends to trail behind it vehement anti-intellectualism. This is mainly because academia and education is seen as a trait of elitists, and is therefore rejected by populists. Some, such as Mao Zedong, went so far as to kill "elitist" intellectuals, but most populists just reject the advice of "elitist professors" and the like in favor of "common sense" policies (such as heavy protectionism), leading to economic and social woes.
[edit] Some notable populists
Left-wing
- The Gracchus brothers, who started the destruction of the Roman Republic
- Julius Caesar, who finished it #
- William Jennings Bryan (until he became disillusioned)
- Fidel Castro
- Hugo Chavez
- George Galloway
- Huey Long #
- Karl Marx
- Michael Moore
- Chairman Mao
Right Wing
- Glenn Beck
- Patrick Buchanan
- Caligula #
- Father Charles Coughlin #
- Nigel Farage
- Andrew Jackson
- Alex Jones
- Adolf Hitler
- Jean-Marie Le Pen and his daughter
- Benito Mussolini
- Sarah Palin
- Vladimir Putin (since 2010—)
- Rick Santorum
- George Wallace
Centrist
- Chuck Harder
- Teddy Roosevelt
- Anyone affiliated with the Reform Party
(# = debatable whether they belong in that category)
Note: Not all of these populists are as far to the right, or left as others in their category.