Book of Isaiah

The Book of Isaiah follows the Jews from their sinful, idolatrous life in Judah, into their punishment of Babylonian captivity, and back home again after their divine liberation.

Cyrus the Messiah?
"Anointed" as used in is translated into Hebrew as "messiah" and into Greek as "Christ". Although Christians tend to be quiet about this, the passage seems to assert that the Persian King is the messiah; the word "anointed" is used of several Jewish or Israelite figures, but Cyrus is the only foreigner so called. Certain fringe Christians seem to associate prophecies about Cyrus with another leader obsessed with making things great, Donald Trump.

Virgin birth?
contains the infamously disputed verse "Therefore the Lord himself will give you this sign: the עלמה shall be with child, and bear a son, and shall name him Immanuel." To this day, the question of whether the Biblical term 'almah above refers to a "young woman" or "girl" as in modern Hebrew or to a "virgin" (properly betulah in Hebrew) remains a divisive issue in Biblical translations.

Authorship
2 prophets — 1 book! There are arguments

Who were the authors?
The first Isaiah, who probably wrote chapters 1-39, was a courtier and advisor in the court of King Hezekiah of Judah and several of his predecessors.

The second Isaiah, who takes over after Chapter 39, writes of the eventual restoration of a fallen Israelite nation and does not actually identify himself.

Reasons for multiple authors
There are several reasons for such a conclusion:


 * Change of subject matter: Chapters 1-39 center on events of 700-601 BCE; it deals extensively in the repercussions of Judah's involvement in numerous wars and alliances in the area, as well as predictions of a Jewish Messiah to come. Chapters 1-12 mainly prophecy against Israel (not Judah, their home country). Chapters 13-23 mainly prophecy against foreign nations. Chapters 24-27 describes end-time judgment and may have been added in 500-401 BCE. Chapters 28-35 mainly prophecy about with Judah, Israel, Egypt, and Edom. Chapters 36-39 are a single story. After chapter 39, the return from Babylonian captivity (587 BCE) becomes the dominant subject matter and other historical events of the time are mentioned or alluded to as well; for example, Cyrus is named in . Finally, chapters 55-66, instead of focusing on a people returning home, focus on a people returned home and rebuilding a broken Judah.


 * Change of God: Before chapter 40, Isaiah describes God's anger and coming vengeance (suggesting a pre-exile viewpoint), and after it, a description of God's coming mercy and forgiveness (a post-exile viewpoint).


 * Isaiah's name: After chapter 39, Isaiah's name no longer appears, suggesting a different author.

We may never truly know, because the most recent transcript of Isaiah date to about 125 BCE, about 475-575 years after Isaiah lived, which makes it impossible to tell if there were later additions or Isaiah was always one document.

That said, the consensus is for multiple authors. From the finders of the Dead Sea Scroll:

A similar view is held by the Catholic Church, which states that it was compiled by later 'disciples of Isaiah'.

Divisions
Almost all modern scholars agree that Isaiah was written in three sections, though some break it into four.

Three divisions:
 * 1) Chapters 01-39: 1st Isaiah or Proto-Isaiah. Written by Isaiah, 700-601 BCE. Isaiah had disciples who carried on his prophetic ministry after his death.
 * 2) Chapters 40-55: 2nd Isaiah or Deutero-Isaiah. Written by one or more of Isaiah's followers, 600-501 BCE (probably 537 BCE ), during the Babylonian Exile.
 * 3) Chapters 56-66: 3rd Isaiah or Trito-Isaiah. Written by one or more of Isaiah's followers, 500-401 BCE. May or may not be clearly distinguishable from 2nd Isaiah.

Four divisions:
 * 1) Chapters 01-23, 28-34, and 36-39: 1st Isaiah or Proto-Isaiah. Written by Isaiah, 700-601 BCE.
 * 2) Chapters 24-27: Isaiah Apocalypse. Written by someone long after the Babylonian Exile, 500-401 BCE, and the last of the authors.
 * 3) Chapters 35 and 40-55: 2nd Isaiah or Deutero-Isaiah. Written by one or more of Isaiah's followers, 600-501 BCE (probably 537 BCE ), during the Babylonian Exile.
 * 4) Chapters 56-66: 3rd Isaiah or Trito-Isaiah. Written by one or more of Isaiah's followers, 500-401 BCE, shortly after the Babylonian Exile.

Importance
Despite this broad scholarly consensus, many Biblical literalists still assert that Isaiah 45 predicted that Cyrus will conquer Babylon, 150 years before the event. Isaiah 45 was likely written near or after 537 BCE, right about the time of Cyrus' conquest making this "prediction" very weak.

The fact that Cyrus is mentioned by name is usually brought up as further evidence. How could people 150 years earlier know that a king named Cyrus would be born and save them? The answer is, again, that they didn't; they knew him by name because they wrote at a time when he existed.

Strangely, Christians tend to prefer the less simple solution of miracles over the simpler and commoner one of literary synthesis, as if the Bible's "accuracy" could somehow shore up their faith.

Where Christians might leap to the "miraculous" prophetic explanation for the match between the "prophecy" and such real historical facts, normal historians see the same match and conclude that the more likely explanation is that "Isaiah" was writing with the benefit of hindsight, especially given that we actually have no record of the Book of Isaiah predating these events.

Other religious views
The Talmud states that the book of Isaiah was written by 'King Hezechaiah and his attendants'.

Intertextuality of the Markan text and Isaiah
The Intertextuality of the Markan text and Isaiah has been recognized by many scholars.. Some of the Isaiah chapters alluded to in the Gospel of Mark are:

Chapter : Interpretation by Markan author Isaiah 49:6 states, "thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the earth". The words "my salvation" would likely be used by the Markan author as an intertextual prophecy foretelling Jesus (whose ). However some scholars hold that the name "Jesus" may derive from the name "Isaiah" or "Joshua" (as per the Greek LXX) or even "Jason"—a god and hero in Hellenistic Greek culture.
 * 01 : God judges
 * 05 : God's admonition and punishment
 * 06 : God punishes
 * 11 : ID servant
 * 13 : God's admonition and punishment
 * 14
 * 19
 * 29
 * 40 : God judges
 * 42
 * 43 : ID saviour
 * 49 : Jesus prophecy
 * 50 : Suffering servant
 * 53 : Suffering servant
 * 56 : Suffering servant
 * 64 : God punishes
 * 65 : Ignorance of saviour's identity
 * 66 : God's punishment explained

Isaiah and human rights
The book of Isaiah has a large amount to say on social justice; this sort of sentiment is something neglected by many conservative Christians, who tend to focus on the exclusionary parts of the Bible. For example, gives the following poem as an instruction from God:

Trivia
Isaiah is described in the book 2 Kings. (Chapters 15-16 are copied from Jeremiah 48, and chapters 36-39 are copied from . Or could it be the other way around?)

1980s Christian heavy metal band Stryper often referred to on their album covers.

The text of The Messiah by Handel is taken from Isaiah, and regardless of your religious beliefs is a sweet piece of composition.