2018 midterm elections

The 2018 midterm elections were a series of local, state, and federal elections held in the United States on 6 November 2018. These included elections for all 435 members of the US House of Representatives, 35 US Senators, 39 state and territorial governorships, and the majority of state legislative seats.

The 2018 Midterms have been widely described as a “blue wave” on account of the major gains made by the Democratic Party. Notably, Democrats won 40 net seats in the House of Representatives, giving the party control of the chamber. At the state level, Democrats took full control of the governments of Colorado, New Mexico, Illinois, Maine, New York, and Nevada. Democrats also won governors' races in Kansas, Michigan, and Wisconsin while flipping both houses of the New Hampshire state legislature, thereby breaking Republicans’ full control over those states’ governments. Republicans had more success in the Senate, where Democrats were defending the vast majority (26 out of 35) of the seats up for election. Republicans expanded their majority by flipping Democratic-held seats in Florida, Missouri, Indiana, and North Dakota. Democrats tempered GOP gains by flipping Republican-held seats in Arizona and Nevada.

As always with midterm elections, most people saw the 2018 Midterms as something of a referendum on the presidency (or rather the dumpster fire thereof) of Donald Trump. Given that the GOP generally did badly, most pundits have concluded that this meant most voters didn’t approve of Trump. Trump, however, apparently learned the opposite lesson. Inspired by Republicans’ modest gains in the Senate, he doubled down on his most absurd policies and rhetoric, notably by shutting down the federal government as leverage to get funding for a border wall. Republicans largely continued to support Trump, apparently having learned nothing from their midterm shellacking. However, Kansas maintained supermajorities, making it very hard for Democrats to veto bills. In turn, they gained supermajorities in both chambers in Maryland and Vermont, allowing Democrats to override Republican vetoes.

Precursors
In the two years between Donald Trump’s election and the 2018 midterms, there were numerous special and off-year elections for positions throughout the United States. Democrats generally did well in these elections, portending serious trouble for the GOP. Democrats won notably in:
 * The Virginia governor’s election—In Virginia’s 2017 gubernatorial election, Democrat Ralph Northam decisively defeated Republican Ed Gillespie. While Northam’s victory by itself was not so surprising, given that Virginia already had a Democratic governor, his margin of victory was. Northam won the election by nine percentage points; by comparison, Hillary Clinton had only won Virginia by five points in the 2016 presidential election, while Northam’s predecessor, Democrat Terry McAuliffe, won by less than three points in the last gubernatorial election in 2013.
 * Virginia legislative elections—In addition to governor, Virginia held elections for its lower legislative house, the House of Delegates. Democrats gained 15 net seats while tying in a 16th. Republicans kept control of the chamber only when they held that 16th seat in a literal coin flip. The house of delegates later flipped in 2019, as did the senate.
 * The Alabama US Senate special election—After Senator Jeff Sessions became the US Attorney General, the state of Alabama held a special election to fill his Senate seat. The election was expected to be a Republican layup, until the primaries happened. Democrats nominated Doug Jones, a civil rights attorney and moderate Democrat who could appeal to voters across the political spectrum. Meanwhile, the GOP nominated Roy Moore, a former judge whose racism and Christian fundamentalism were considered extreme even by Alabama standards. During the campaign, it was revealed that Roy Moore had a history of molesting teenage girls. Combined with strong turnout from Alabama’s large Black community, this scandal was enough to carry Jones to a narrow victory, making him the first Democrat to win a Senate race in Alabama since 1992. However, the Republicans easily picked it back up with Tommy Tuberville in 2020.
 * The Pennsylvania special congressional election—Pennsylvania’s 18th congressional district held a special election on March 13, 2018 after its incumbent Republican representative, Tim Murphy, resigned over a scandal. Despite the fact that this district voted for Trump by nearly 20 points in the 2016 presidential election, Democrat Conor Lamb managed to carry it narrowly. More good news came from Pennsylvania when the Pennsylvania Supreme Court struck down Pennsylvania's notoriously gerrymandered map, one of the worst in the nation, which paved the way for greater Democratic gains in the midterms.
 * The Wisconsin Supreme Court election—On 3 April 2018, liberal candidate Rebecca Dallet won a regularly-scheduled election to the Wisconsin Supreme Court. While the election was officially nonpartisan, Dallet was known to be a liberal candidate, openly declared herself to be anti-Trump, and was endorsed by Senator Tammy Baldwin, former Attorney General Eric Holder, and former Vice President Joe Biden.
 * Other results—On 7 November 2017, Democrat Phil Murphy was elected Governor of New Jersey, giving Democrats full control of New Jersey’s government. The same night, Democrat Manka Dhingra won a special election to the Washington State Senate, giving Democrats control of that chamber and thus all Washington’s government.

In addition to election results, polls also suggested Republicans were in for a rough midterm cycle. FiveThirtyEight predicted that Democrats were likely to win between 36 and 39 seats in the House of Representatives, with similarly bullish predictions from The Economist and CNN.

US House results
Democrats flipped 44 Republican-held seats in the US House of Representatives, while Republicans only won three Democratic-held seats. Democrats only needed to net 23 seats in order to take control of the chamber, which Republicans had held since the 2010 midterms. The Democrats’ most notable achievements include victories in: As of 22 January 2019, one House district was undecided: North Carolina’s 9th congressional district, based in the Charlotte suburbs. It initially appeared to have narrowly elected Republican Mark Harris (it had been GOP since 1962), but these results were thrown into question after evidence of election fraud surfaced. A special election was called, pitting Democrat Dan McCready against Republican Dan Bishop, and Bishop won the election on September 10, 2019.
 * Kansas—Attorney and martial arts professional Sharice Davids won Kansas’ 3rd congressional district, defeating Republican incumbent Kevin Yoder. A lesbian, Davids is the first openly LGBTQ person to represent Kansas in Congress. Davids is also of Ho-Chunk descent, making her the first American Indian woman elected to Congress in US history, in tandem with Representative Deb Haaland of New Mexico.
 * Virginia—Democrats flipped Virginia’s 2nd, 7th, and 10th congressional districts, giving them control of seven of the Commonwealth’s 11 House seats. All three Democrats who flipped these seats—Elaine Luria, Abigail Spanberger, and Jennifer Wexton, respectively—are women.
 * California—Democrats flipped seven Republican-held seats in California, giving them control of a staggering 46 of the state’s 53 congressional seats. Notably, Democrats won every single congressional district in Orange County, California, a suburban county that was formerly one of the most consistently Republican in American history. However, since then, Mike Garcia won a May 2020 special election and held it through the regular elections, and also flipped 3 other house seats, reversing some of the damage.
 * Georgia—Democrat Lucy McBath defeated Republican incumbent Karen Handel to represent Georgia’s 6th congressional district (once Newt Gingrich's territory) in the Atlanta suburbs. McBath, who tragically lost her son to gun violence in 2012, made her name as a gun control advocate. A Black woman, she received little of the massive funding and press coverage that White male Democrat Jon Ossoff got when trying to flip this district in 2017, yet managed to succeed where Ossoff failed. However, Jon Ossoff would become elected as a senator from Georgia in a January 2021 runoff election, which gave Democrats control of the Senate for the 117th Congress.
 * New Jersey—Democrats nearly wiped out the Republican congressional delegation from New Jersey, winning 11 of the state’s 12 seats, compared to just seven in 2016. (Chris Smith of the 4th congressional district became the Garden State's only GOPer in the House.) One noteworthy Democratic newcomer was Andy Kim, who defeated Republican incumbent Tom MacArthur in New Jersey’s 3rd district. Kim is the first Korean-American Democrat to be elected to Congress. However, in January 2020, Jeff Van Drew of New Jersey's 2nd district changed affiliation to a Republican.
 * Oklahoma - In Oklahoma's 5th district, a very Republican district believed to have been safe for the GOP, Democrats actually beat an incumbent in a very surprising victory by 1.4%. However, Republicans would easily flip it in 2020.

US Senate results
Whereas Democrats gained ground in the House, they lost it in the Senate, where Republicans won two net seats. This was largely due to the fact that Democrats were defending 26 of the 35 Senate seats up for election that year, including five seats in deep-red states and 10 more in swing states. The following six Senate seats changed hands between parties: Another noteworthy election occurred in Texas, where Democrat Beto O'Rourke challenged one-term Republican incumbent Ted Cruz. While O’Rourke lost, he came within three percentage points of unseating Cruz, suggesting that Texas may be shifting from red to purple.
 * Florida—Republican Rick Scott, then the sitting Governor of Florida, narrowly beat three-term incumbent Democrat Bill Nelson. With a net worth of more than $200 million, Scott had virtually unlimited funds to spend on his campaign, allowing him to succeed in a purple state during an otherwise blue year. Due to Scott’s victory, for the first time since Reconstruction, Florida had two GOP senators. This is not nearly as good as it would have been in the Reconstruction era.
 * Missouri—Republican Josh Hawley defeated two-term incumbent Democrat Claire McCaskill. McCaskill was hurt by political changes in Missouri, which has shifted from being a swing state to a ruby-red one since she was first elected.
 * Indiana—Republican Mike Braun, a member of the Indiana House of Representatives, defeated one-term incumbent Democrat Joe Donnelly. Donnelly mainly got elected because his then opponent, Richard Mourdock, made horrible comments about God intending for rape to happen. The fact that Braun was sensible enough not to say such vile things meant Donnelly was in for a bad time.
 * North Dakota—Republican Kevin Cramer, who had represented North Dakota’s sole US House district, replaced one-term incumbent Democrat Heidi Heitkamp. Given that North Dakota is one of the most Republican states in the nation, having backed Trump by 36 percentage points in the 2016 presidential election, it’s frankly surprising that Heitkamp was ever elected in the first place (and even more so that the Peace Garden State sent her to the Senate while backing Mitt Romney for president over Obama by 19.6 points in 2012), although what definitively did her in were her vote against Brett Kavanaugh’s confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States and a voter registration law making it harder for Native Americans to vote.
 * Arizona—At-the-time Democrat Kyrsten Sinema defeated Republican Martha McSally to win a Senate seat formerly held by Republican Jeff Flake, who retired after serving a full term. Sinema thus became the first openly bisexual person elected to the United States Senate, as well as the first woman to represent Arizona in the Senate. Shortly after McSally lost to Sinema, Arizona Governor Doug Ducey appointed her to fill the Grand Canyon State’s other Senate seat, which John McCain had held until his death the previous August; that seat would be flipped two years later by astronaut Mark Kelly.
 * Nevada—Democrat Jacky Rosen unseated one-term Republican incumbent Dean Heller. With Rosen’s victory, both of Nevada’s US senators are female Democrats (Rosen joined Catherine Cortez Masto, who was elected two years earlier).

Although the Senate results were considered a disappointment for Democrats, it’s worth emphasizing how difficult a position the party was in. Democrats were defending the vast majority of seats on the table, and in a less blue year, they would likely have lost far more. Democrats narrowly held on to Senate seats in Montana and West Virginia, two states that are usually raspberry red these days; they also held, by comfortable margins, seats they held from New Mexico, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Maine, all swing states that would ordinarily be competitive. Netting two seats, then, was no great victory for Republicans. So bad, in fact, it allowed Democrats to narrowly take back the Senate in 2020, when all they did was flip a net of 3 seats.

Governors’ results
In addition to easily holding three governors’ races in swing states (Colorado, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania), the Democrats flipped seven Republican-held governorships in the following states: Republicans did not flip a single Democrat-held governorship in this election. However, Republican Mike Dunleavy was elected Governor of Alaska. Dunleavy replaces Bill Walker, an independent who was generally considered closer to the Democratic Party, at least by Alaskan standards.
 * Illinois—Though otherwise a blue state, Illinois did have a Republican governor, Bruce Rauner, who was elected in the red wave year of 2014. Rauner lost to billionaire philanthropist J. B. Pritzker. Given that Democrats already held the state legislature, Pritzker’s victory gave the party full control over Illinois.
 * New Mexico—Michelle Lujan Grisham defeated Steve Pearce (both stood down from the federal House of Representatives) in a landslide to win New Mexico’s open governor’s seat (GOP governor Susana Martinez was term-limited). Her victory gave Democrats full control of the state’s government. Lujan Grisham is the first Latina from the Democratic Party in US history to be elected as a state governor, as well as the first woman from the Democratic Party to be governor of New Mexico.
 * Nevada—Democrat Steve Sisolak defeated Republican Adam Laxalt to replace term-limited GOP governor Brian Sandoval. His victory gives Democrats full control of Nevada’s government.
 * Maine—Democrat Janet Mills defeated Republican Shawn Moody to replace term-limited GOP governor Paul LePage. Mills is the first woman to serve in the governor’s office. Combined with Democratic gains in the state senate, her victory gives Democrats full control of Maine.
 * Michigan—Democrat Gretchen Whitmer defeated Republican Bill Schutte to replace term-limited GOP governor Rick Snyder. Whitmer’s victory put an end to eight years of full Republican government in Michigan, though Republicans still control the state legislature.
 * Wisconsin—After surviving three challenges (including a recall in 2012) over the past eight years, Wisconsin’s chief union buster, Republican Scott Walker, narrowly lost his bid for reelection to Democrat Tony Evers. Evers’ victory put an end to eight years of full Republican government in Wisconsin, though Republicans still control the state legislature.
 * Kansas—Democrat Laura Kelly defeated Republican Vote-Suppressor-in-Chief Kris Kobach. Kelly’s victory put an end to eight years of full Republican government in Kansas, though Republicans still have supermajorities in both houses of the state legislature.

Although Democrats generally performed well in governors’ races, they did lose several high-profile contests. Notably, progressive Democrat Stacey Abrams narrowly lost her bid to become Governor of Georgia, though she did come closer to victory than any Democrat since 1998. In Florida, progressive Democrat Andrew Gillum narrowly lost despite having led in the vast majority of the polls. Democrats also lost close races in Ohio, Iowa, and South Dakota.

Weirdly, Republicans easily won governors’ races in the deep-blue states of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maryland. The Republican candidates in question (Phil Scott, Charlie Baker, and Larry Hogan respectively) all have moderate to liberal policy records, and have publicly opposed Donald Trump. Democrats also gained or already had supermajorities in all three states’ legislatures, limiting the governors’ power to challenge Democratic priorities, with Massachusetts having one before, and Maryland and Vermont gaining one. However, Vermont's supermajority in the Vermont House of Representatives narrowly got erased in 2020, making it easier for Phil Scott to veto bills.

Other results
In addition to House, Senate, and governors’ races, Democrats achieved success in:
 * State legislatures—Democrats flipped the Colorado State Senate and the New York State Senate, giving the party full control of both states. They also flipped the Minnesota House of Representatives. Democrats flipped both houses of the New Hampshire state legislature, putting an end to two years of full Republican control. In North Carolina, Democrats narrowed Republican majorities in both houses of the state legislature; as a result, Republicans in that state can no longer override the vetoes of Democratic governor Roy Cooper. However, Republicans gained seats in the Alaska House of Representatives; it initially looked as if this would give the GOP control, but after a month of squabbling, a coalition of Democrats, Independents, and moderate Republicans resumed control of the chamber.
 * Judicial elections—Democrats made gains in judicial races in states that elect their judges. Notably, Democrat Anita Earls, a woman of color who ran an unabashedly progressive campaign, was elected to the Supreme Court of North Carolina, giving the party a 5–2 majority.
 * Attorneys general—Democrats flipped attorney generalships in Wisconsin, Colorado, Michigan, and Nevada, though Republicans picked up an independent-held attorney generalship in Alaska.
 * Ballot initiatives—Ballot initiatives favored by Democrats passed in several swing and red states. In particular, Florida passed an initiative to restore voting rights to most felons, while Michigan and Nevada passed initiatives allowing for automatic voter registration. Missouri (although this would be shot down in 2020), Michigan, Utah, and Colorado passed initiatives to creating nonpartisan redistricting commissions, a move that could limit gerrymandering in the future.

Republican response
In response to this midterm drubbing, Republicans doubled down on what they were doing before. Republicans’ most notable statements and actions during the months following the midterms include: Overall, neither Trump nor his allies in Congress and state governments showed any sign of moderation in response to the 2018 midterms. If anything, the GOP only became more extreme, with potentially disastrous consequences for American governance.
 * Screwing their successors—In Wisconsin and Michigan, outgoing Republican governors Scott Walker and Rick Snyder have signed lamed-duck legislation designed to screw over their Democratic successors and the Democratic Party generally. In Wisconsin, Republicans have scaled back early voting to depress turnout among Democratic-leaning voters, limited the governor’s ability to appoint new members to the state’s economic development board, and prevented the governor and attorney general from withdrawing Wisconsin from an anti-Obamacare lawsuit. In Michigan, Republicans have made it harder to collect signatures for ballot initiatives, limited the ability of state regulatory agencies to adopt stricter standards than those of their federal counterparts, and slowed a rise in the minimum wage. While these measures are of dubious legality and may not survive the courts, at the very least, they will slow down the incoming Democratic governors and other officials, who must now spend their first few months litigating instead of legislating. Update: A federal judge has struck down Wisconsin's lame-duck laws as unconstitutional.
 * Reversing redistricting reform—Voters in Missouri passed a ballot initiative that would create the position of State Demographer, a nonpartisan office charged with drawing congressional and state legislative maps that represent each party fairly. This measure would have limited gerrymandering, thereby making it easier for Democrats to win in what is otherwise a solid red state. Missouri’s Republican governor, Mike Parson, has responded by calling to repeal this initiative and establish new measures that make it harder to have a statewide referendum.
 * Shutting down the government—Donald Trump, who never managed to get funding for his ridiculous border wall when Paul Ryan ran the House, apparently thought Nancy Pelosi would give it to him. When Pelosi turned him down, Trump responded by refusing to sign any bill to fund the government, leading to the longest Federal shutdown in US history. On January 25, Trump finally caved, sort of, signing a bill to fund the government through February 15. Republicans in Congress showed no signs of breaking with Trump and passing a bill to fund the government over his veto, even though those same Republicans passed a bill to fund the government without wall funding before Trump declared he wouldn’t sign such a bill.
 * Declaring a national emergency—On February 15, Trump declared a national emergency on the southern border, allowing him to use government funds to build the wall without congressional approval. The move is certain to be challenged in court, and has concerned some Republicans, who are worried that it will set a precedent for future Democratic presidents to declare national emergencies over issues such as gun control.
 * Playing up the Senate results—Trump and his supporters have attempted to dispute that 2018 was a victory for Democrats by emphasizing that Republicans gained two net seats in the Senate. Chuck Schumer best summed up how pathetic this is: “When the President brags that he won North Dakota and Indiana, he’s in real trouble.”
 * A shout-out to White supremacy—Though not strictly a reaction to the midterms, returned Representative Steve King (R–Iowa) made some comments that seem to sum up the GOP’s values going forward. “White nationalist, [W]hite supremacist, Western civilization—how did that language become offensive? Why did I sit in classes teaching me about the merits of our history and our civilization?” King later insisted that these comments somehow do not make him racist.

"But it wasn't a blue wave!!!"
In the months following the election, Republicans came up with a number of talking points to downplay the significance of the midterm results. Typically followed by statements like "2018 wasn't a wave," these claims include:
 * "We won the Senate" —Republicans did gain two seats in the US Senate, but given that Democrats were defending 26 of the 35 Senate seats up for election, this isn't much of an accomplishment. If you ignore the net change in seats and actually look at where Democrats won and lost, Democratic performance in 2018 looks just as impressive as Republican performance in the red wave years of 2010 and 2014. Notably, Democrats in 2018 won every swing state except for Florida; by comparison, Republicans lost two swing state Senate races in 2010 (Colorado and Nevada) and five in 2014 (New Mexico, Minnesota, Michigan, Virginia, and New Hampshire). Overall, Democrats won 24 of the 35 Senate elections in 2018, or 68.6%; Republicans won 24 out of 36 Senate elections in 2014 (66.7%) and 24 out of 37 in 2010 (64.9%).
 * "Forty House seats aren't that many"—GOP apologists point out that Democrats "only" netted 40 seats in the House of Representatives in 2018; by comparison, Republicans netted 63 seats in 2010, and 54 in 1994. But this point ignores the fact that Democrats didn't have as many seats to gain in 2018 as Republicans had in 2010 or 1994. In November 2018, Democrats had 194 House seats; by comparison, Republicans had 176 seats in November 1994 and 179 in November 2010. Republicans gained more seats in 1994 and 2010, then, because they had to gain more seats, and because they had fewer of their own seats to defend. If you consider the actual number of seats won, Democrats came out of 2018 with 235 House seats, which is slightly more than the 230 seats Republicans won in 1994, and only slightly fewer than the 242 seats Republicans won in 2010.
 * "Democrats only won because of so many GOP retirements"—Many Republican House members retired rather than run for reelection in 2018; some GOP apologists have argued that it was the failure to defend these seats, rather than a surge in support for the Democratic Party, that allowed Democrats to take the House. Two factors call this interpretation into question. First, of the 43 seats that Democrats flipped in 2018, only 13 were open seats. Democrats won 30 seats where Republican incumbents were running, which would have been more than enough seats to flip the House by itself. Second, part of the reason so many Republicans retired from Congress in 2018 was because they figured they couldn't have been re-elected and didn't want to waste time trying. So the retirements didn't cause the blue wave; the blue wave caused the retirements.
 * "It doesn't mean Trump won't be re-elected"—Some Republicans concede that 2018 was a blue wave, or at least a good night for Democrats, but pivot to pointing out that Trump could still be re-elected in 2020 (which ultimately did not occur). This is true enough; plenty of presidents have been re-elected after suffering midterm defeats, including Barack Obama, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan. But the 2018 midterms did prove something ominous for Trump: that his bad poll numbers meant something. On the whole, the polls accurately predicted not just that Democrats would do well, but where they would do well. Democrats made gains in states and districts where Trump's approval rating was low (such as Michigan, Colorado, Virginia, and Pennsylvania), while losing ground where Trump's approval rating was high (like Missouri, Indiana, and North Dakota). This suggested that Republicans would continue to lose elections in states where Trump was unpopular; as of the conclusion of the midterms, he was unpopular in far too many states to win re-election. There was time for Trump to turn this around, but he failed to do so, and as such was not re-elected.

Even in the biggest midterm waves, neither party bats 100%. Despite the blue wave of 2006, Democrats lost Senate races in Nevada and Maine and governors' races in California, Hawaii, Minnesota, Nevada, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Vermont. Likewise, despite the red wave of 2010, Republicans still lost Senate races in Nevada, Colorado, and West Virginia and governors' races in Minnesota, Colorado, Arkansas, and New Hampshire. And in the red wave year of 2014, Republicans lost Senate races in New Mexico, Michigan, Virginia, Minnesota, and New Hampshire, as well as governor's races in Colorado, Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Democrats even flipped Pennsylvania. No party's performance is ever perfect, but that doesn't change the fact that Democrats did quite well.