Paul Dirac

It seems to be one of the fundamental features of nature that fundamental physical laws are described in terms of a mathematical theory of great beauty and power, needing quite a high standard of mathematics for one to understand it. Paul Andrien Maurice Dirac was one of the best and brightest of quantum physicists who for many years held the same position as Isaac Newton before him and Stephen Hawking after, the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge University. His mathematical prowess and physical insight made him one of the most notable physicists in history. He won the Nobel Prize in 1933 for his productive work in quantum mechanics.

Brief biography
Paul Dirac started his tertiary education in electrical engineering, but soon drifted towards physics, where he enjoyed a rather prolific career. As a graduate student, he published some eleven papers on various topics in theoretical physics. In one of these, he developed what we now call the Fermi-Dirac statistics, which describe particles of half-integral spin, known as fermions, after Enrico Fermi who independently discovered the same thing in the same year, 1925. The other kind of particles are called bosons, which have integral spin and obey the Bose-Einstein statistics, first introduced in 1924 by Satyendranath Bose and Albert Einstein working together. But note that these statistics are not definitions of bosons and fermions. In fact, which kind of statistics they obey is a rather deep result involving both special relativity and quantum mechanics called the spin-statistics theorem proven by Wolfgang Pauli.

For his doctoral dissertation, he developed the Hamiltonian formulation of quantum mechanics, and showed it is in fact mathematically equivalent to the matrix mechanics of Werner-Heisenberg and the wave mechanics of Erwin Schrödinger. Dirac then went on to make the discovery for which he is best known, the Dirac equation. This is a fully relativistic wave equation that describes an electron in exquisite detail. For instance, it predicts that an electron must have spin up or down (plus or minus one-half in the right units). In the non-relativistic theory, spin has to be put in manually. He showed that the Dirac equation predicts the existence of antimatter, though he did not fully believe this at first. But a few others, most notably J. Robert Oppenheimer and Hermann Weyl, did. In order to explain this, Dirac postulated the existence of a sea of electrons. A hole in the Dirac sea represents a positron, with the same mass as an electron but opposite charge. When a hole and an electron find each other, the electron fills the hole, giving up its energy in the form of gamma rays. (In more modern terms, we say that the electron and its antimatter counterpart annihilate each other.) Using his work on relativistic quantum mechanics as a springboard, he went on to publish the very first papers on quantum electrodynamics. Dirac's hole theory offered a correct, if cumbersome, method for calculating particle interactions.

A while later, he introduced the Lagrangian formulation of quantum mechanics, which unfortunately was neglected until a very fine man of science used it to create his own version of quantum mechanics. The older versions of quantum mechanics, based on the Hamiltonian formulation and operators, were preferred by most physicists at the time. During the 1930s, Dirac continued the development of quantum electrodynamics. He demonstrated that magnetic monopoles, if they exist, explain the quantization of electric charge. Unfortunately, despite diligent searches, no such objects have ever been found. He formulated the theory of holes in the sea of negative energy (antimatter) and predicted vacuum polarization. In the same period, he published a famous textbook titled Principles of Quantum Mechanics, the first comprehensive textbook on the subject still of value today. It was in this book that he gave the correct, though not the most general, way to think about a mathematical entity now called the Dirac delta function distribution, a very useful tool for physics. Visually, it looks like a "function" that has an infinite spike at a point and is zero everywhere else. Integrating the product of a function with the delta distribution gives the value of that function at the point the distribution is concentrated.

A most quotemine-able gentleman
Dirac held an unshakeable belief in the power of mathematics to describe nature. Unfortunately, he expressed his views in a way that made him vulnerable to quote mining. In an article for Scientific American, he wrote: God is a mathematician of a very high order, and He used very advanced mathematics in constructing the universe.

In real life, though, Dirac has nothing but disdain for religion, as the next section will make clear.

Quotemine this
The following exchange took place at the Solvay Conference on Physics of 1927, a landmark meeting of the world's top physicists at the time. As quoted by Werner Heisenberg in Physics and Beyond: Encounters and Conversations:

There is no God, and Dirac is his prophet.