Israelite

An Israelite is one of a race of people who lived in Israel in ancient times, specifically in the Bronze/Iron Ages (mostly). They are generally considered the ancestors of most modern Jews.

They are also extensively mentioned in the Bible (in fact, the Bible is written by and for them), thus leading countless people to claim to be "their" descendants, and quite an amount of woo to surround them as well.

An Israelite is also an Israeli with 30% fewer calories.

Origins
According to the Bible, the Israelites descended from a guy named Jacob, who later changed his name to Israel after a fight with God, hence "Israelite". The same book also says that they were slaves in Egypt for 400+ years, then escaped to Canaan (but only after wandering the desert for 40 years) where they fiercely conquered the Canaanites just for living there. There is zero archaeological evidence for any of this.

Research suggests that the Israelites were Canaanites who gradually gave themselves a separate identity after escaping to the highlands of Israel due to the destruction of the Canaanite coastal cities in the.

History
Most knowledge of their history comes from the Bible, and much of the Bible is deeply suspect as a work of history. While the earlier parts are clearly mythical, most people assume that around 1000 BCE, the Israelites lived in a single kingdom ruled by David and then his son Solomon who built the legendary temple (there is some question over the historicity of David, and Solomon's wealth and territory may have been somewhat exaggerated; see their articles).

After Solomon's rule, his kingdom was split into two smaller states, Israel in the north and Judah in the south. The historical record shows various bad things happening: the Assyrians invaded the north in 722 BCE and took over the whole area. Following the Assyrians' defeat by the Egyptians, the region fell under Babylonian control. After Jerusalem rebelled, king Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon conquered the city in 597 BCE, returning a few times to rampage some more and finally destroy Jerusalem in 587 BCE. The period of followed, with many Israelites being forcibly removed to Babylon, although some stayed behind.

Persian king Cyrus the Great captured Babylon in 537 BCE, and the Jews gradually came home, rebuilt Jerusalem and its temple, and tried to make sense of their past by writing lots of imaginary history books that we now know as part of the Hebrew Bible. There is some historical evidence for this beyond the Bible. The Babylonian and Persian records tend not to be very specific about which conquered peoples they're discussing, and the Bible makes everything much neater and more extreme than what records and archaeology suggest (not all the Israelites were removed, and they didn't all come back at once).

After that, they were ruled by the Persians until Alexander the Great showed up in 333 BCE, then by the Roman Empire, under which things went to shit.