The Fine Art of Baloney Detection

The Fine Art of Baloney Detection is an essay by Carl Sagan in his seminal work against pseudoscience, The Demon-Haunted World. In the essay, he gives advice for devising conclusions, as well as advice for avoiding rhetorical and logical fallacies. Together, the set of warning signs for common fallacies constitutes what Sagan very politely calls a "Baloney Detection Kit". Sagan categorizes the logical and rhetorical fallacies as below. Here is given the type of fallacy, a definition of each, and an example from the current internet.

Using the detection kit
Sagan makes a few suggestions about the "tools" a skeptic should keep ready in their Baloney Detection Kit. These are not merely measures to identify bad arguments, but constructive ideas about how to come up with better alternatives:
 * Seek independent confirmation of alleged facts.
 * Encourage an open debate about the issue and the available evidence.
 * "In science, there are no authorities. At most, there are experts."
 * Come up with a variety of competing hypotheses explaining a given outcome. Considering many different explanations will lower the risk of confirmation bias.
 * Don't get too attached to your own ideas, lest you get reluctant to reject them even in the face of evidence to the contrary.
 * Quantify whenever possible, allowing for easier comparisons between hypotheses' relative explanatory power.
 * Every step in an argument must be logically sound; a single weak link can doom the entire chain.
 * When the evidence is inconclusive, use Occam's Razor to discriminate between hypotheses.
 * Pay attention to falsifiability. Science does not concern itself with unfalsifiable propositions.