User:Shaban/sandbox

Hypotheses of the origin of the Albanians

https://kossev.info/berisha-national-unification-of-albanians-is-inevitable-great-serb-vucic-is-its-biggest-adversary/

https://informer.rs/vesti/politika/600673/vljora-citaku-donika-gervala-darko-tanaskovic-kosovo

https://www.kupindo.com/Nauka-i-kultura/49625845_Sveti-knez-Lazar-Casopis

https://www.kupindo.com/Hriscanstvo/50140481_Sveti-Knez-Lazar-Casopis

https://frame.goglasi.com/frame?eid=210683826

https://www.jstor.org/stable/151390

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40395739

https://books.google.si/books?hl=sl&id=HgS5AAAAIAAJ&dq=yugoslav-albanian+relations+review+of+international+affairs+1984&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=enver+hoxha+in+person

https://books.google.si/books?id=a9hBAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA11-PA18&dq=yugoslav+information+bulletin+enver+hoxha+anti-yugoslav+policy+would+be+regarded+by&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjshZOU6PDuAhVHxIsKHVISB3oQ6AEwAHoECAAQAg

https://www.hgsoe.ios-regensburg.de/

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110643428

https://www.reclam.shop/detail/978-3-15-011154-3/Brunnbauer__Ulf__Buchenau__Klaus/Geschichte_Suedosteuropas

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783486779233

https://www.istorijskizabavnik.rs/blog/kosovski-boj-turska-verzija?rq=kosovski%20boj

https://www.istorijskizabavnik.rs/blog/albanski-istoricar-o-kosovu?rq=albanci

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009201123428470-albanski-istoricar-laz-se-nastavlja---svuda-se-kaze-car-dusan-car-lazar/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202011191123897260-albanski-istoricar-nemanjici-su-ilirskog-porekla-srpska-nacija-nastala-u-19-veku/

https://prishtinainsight.com/functionally-illiterate-kosovo-perform-poorly-pisa/

https://rig-td.si/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/F.-Fehmiu-Equality-of-Language-Oral-and-Written-of-the-Nations-and-Nationalities-in-SAP-Kosovo-in-the-Field-of-Education.pdf

https://ask.rks-gov.net/media/2067/statistics-on-education-in-kosova-2001.pdf

https://rs.sputniknews.com/svet/202010101123287122-svajcarski-obavestajac-otkriva-kako-zapad-upravlja-laznim-vestima/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202009121123385644-vilijam-voker-savetuje-tacija-za-7000-evra-mesecno/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009081123358008-potres-iz-amerike-pristina-je-dobila-udarac-od-kog-jos-uvek-ne-moze-da-se-oporavi/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009171123412986-taci-odlucio-da-odlikuje-trampa/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009181123417030-taci-pozvao-trampa-u-pristinu-i-spremio-mu-orden-video/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/analize/202009181123417053-paradoks-u-pristini-avansni-orden-trampu--kritika-hotiju---za-istu-stvar/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009211123438995-pristina-potpisala-ekonomski-sporazum-sa-americkom-korporacijom-grenel-dobio-odlikovanje/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/zivot/202009191123413193-tajni-ugovor-veliki-sporazum-izmedju-srbije-i-albanije/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202009121123383539-pristinska-koha-manastiri-iz-doba-nemanjica-su-drevno-albansko-nasledje/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202009131123388330-eparhija-nase-svetinje-su-pravoslavne-i-to-ce-ostati-dok-god-ovde-zivi-poslednji-monah-i-vernik-kosovo-i-metohija/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/zivot/202009131123390126-drugacija-verzija-istorije-sta-albanci-danas-uce-o-prvom-svetskom-ratu-i-srpskoj-golgoti/

https://www.limesplus.rs/index.php/casopisi

https://ibac.istanbul.edu.tr/en/_

http://dspace.epoka.edu.al/

https://www.academia.edu/23196003/The_First_Turkic_Tribes_to_Settle_in_the_Balkans_Between_the_IVthand_VIIth_Centuries

https://www.telegraf.rs/english/3234938-european-union-only-accepts-recognized-states-stano-comments-on-pristinas-candidacy

https://www.academia.edu/1566868/Publishers_Hitmen_Diplomats_and_Dreamers_Switzerlands_Ottoman_Albanian_Diaspora_1899_1920

https://www.academia.edu/30179478/_The_Great_Powers_Fixation_on_Ottoman_Albania_in_the_Administration_of_the_post_Berlin_Balkans_1878_1908_

https://www.academia.edu/2544883/_Break_in_the_Storm_Reconsidering_Sectarian_Violence_in_Ottoman_Macedonia_during_the_Young_Turk_Revolution_

https://www.academia.edu/36548325/Modern_Turkey_and_the_Ottoman_Legacy

https://www.academia.edu/35246778/STATE_AND_SOCIETY_IN_THE_BALKANS_BEFORE_AND_AFTER_ESTABLISHMENT_OF_OTTOMAN_RULE_Full_Text_

http://www.ois.unsa.ba/index.php/bs/publikacije/posebna-izdanja/54-historija-osmanske-drzave-i-civilizacije

https://www.akademie-rs.de/fileadmin/user_upload/download_archive/interreligioeser-dialog/091120_iseni_balkan.pdf

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202009031123331275-beogradu-u-vasingtonu-urucen-do-sada-najtezi-papir-za-kosovo/

https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/vhim20

https://archive.org/details/balkanslacrise0000dere

https://informer.rs/vesti/drustvo/537081/lazna-drzava-sme-unesko-protivnom-srpske-svetinje-kim-postace-dzamije-ovo-prvi-prioritet-srbije-sve-drugo-moze-ceka

https://www.rferl.org/a/poland-russia-world-war-molotov-ribbentrop-soviet-nazi-pact/30339545.html

https://www.mid.ru/en/evropejskij-souz-es/-/asset_publisher/6OiYovt2s4Yc/content/id/3793247

https://twitter.com/fbieber/status/1299305636006690816

https://twitter.com/fbieber/status/1299305634568048640

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202008241123264800-od-busa-starijeg-do-trampa-kako-se-bela-kuca-poigrava-sudbinom-kosova-vec-tri-decenije/

https://tass.com/politics/1075455

http://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/392879/Srpska-crkva-u-Bin-Ladenovom-kompjuteru

http://orthochristian.com/108402.html

https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/index.html

http://alfaknjizara.rs/knjizara/istorija-mitologija/kosovo-i-metohija-rat-i-uslovi-mira-jelena-guskova/

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511720802

https://www.nli.org.il/en/books/NNL_ALEPH002664395/NLI

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=41569

https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV000026073

https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/title/BV001265566

https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=journal&journal_code=TURC

http://dergiler.ankara.edu.tr/eng/detail.php?id=19&sayi_id=1150

https://www.jstor.org/stable/i25817584

https://doi.org/10.1177/026569148901900203

https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521811132

https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137031716_11

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511806445

https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210504006205

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664991

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316282656

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316591260

https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/12/world/europe/americans-who-helped-free-kosovo-return-as-entrepreneurs.html

https://www.cfr.org/event/conversation-hashim-thaci

https://www.timesofisrael.com/kosovo-says-it-wouldve-voted-with-us-at-un-on-jerusalem-recognition/

http://vremennik.biz/

https://www.doaks.org/resources/publications/series/dumbarton-oaks-papers

https://www.jstor.org/journal/dumboakspape

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202007281123094389-prelistajte-uz-pomoc-sputnjika-knjigu-o-hriscanstvu-na-kosovu-koja-je-uzbunila-pristinu/

https://archive.org/details/admissionofnewme173leag

https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/news/dua-lipa-kosovo-albania-tweet-map-heritage-indigenous-apple-maps-a9631326.html

https://www.rtvslo.si/svet-zabave/svet-znanih/zvezdnice-s-kosovskimi-koreninami-razburjajo-od-velike-albanije-do-kosova-kot-drzave/531282

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202007271123089095-nova-provokacija-pristine-traze-da-kosovo-na-mapi-bude-oznaceno-kao-drzava/

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511562617

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511550171

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614965

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614972

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511791444

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511551987

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511993480

https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/author/patricia-crone/

https://doi.org/10.1017/CHO9781139017831

https://www.chroniclesmagazine.org/

https://www.chathamhouse.org/

https://vdare.com/articles/kosovo-and-its-impact-on-u-s-foreign-policy

https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?query=ARTAU%26and%26%25c4%2590urkovi%25c4%2587%2bMi%25c5%25a1a&page=6&sort=1&stype=0&backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAU%2526and%2526%2525c4%252590urkovi%2525c4%252587%252bMi%2525c5%2525a1a%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0

https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600907

http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/62548

https://archive.org/details/ageofgermanliber0000mein

http://balkanstudies.net/sites/default/files/newsletter/2010%20Byronica%20XIII%20No%203%20summer.pdf

http://balkanstudies.net/sites/default/files/newsletter/Intervention%20pdf%20Book%5B1%5D.pdf

https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?query=ARTAU%26and%26Trifkovi%25c4%2587%2bSr%25c4%2591a&page=4&sort=1&stype=0&backurl=%2fSearchResults.aspx%3fquery%3dARTAU%2526and%2526Trifkovi%2525c4%252587%252bSr%2525c4%252591a%26page%3d0%26sort%3d1%26stype%3d0

https://core.ac.uk/

http://ius.bg.ac.rs/Biografije/jovmil.htm

http://www.kosovo.net/sk/history/dorich_kosovo/default.htm

https://exit.al/en/2020/07/16/book-appearing-in-varhelyi-vucic-meeting-before-kosovo-serbia-dialogue-sparks-discontent-among-albanians/?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=book-appearing-in-varhelyi-vucic-meeting-before-kosovo-serbia-dialogue-sparks-discontent-among-albanians

https://rs.sputniknews.com/vesti/202007191123039072-da-se-vise-ne-ponovi-pristina-trazi-izvinjenje-eu-zbog-knjige-o-hriscanstvu-na-kim-foto/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/analize/202007201123048379-albanci-sumanutim-potezom-dokazali-da-na-kosovu-postoji-samo-srpsko-nasledje/

https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/66794/1/Accepted_manuscript.pdf

https://twitter.com/MelizaHaradinaj/status/1283817745319186433

https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316556740

https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119099000.wbabat0930

https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2020-06-21/cia-interferes-foreign-elections

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202007081122954740-vucic-u-sinocnjim-protestima-bilo-upliva-inostranih-sluzbi/

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/201909271120919321-veselji-se-hvalio-da-je-navodio-avione-nato-na-srpsku-vojsku/

https://archive.org/details/macedonia4000yea00sake

https://books.google.si/books/about/The_Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church.html?id=TI4KAQAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

https://archive.org/details/moderncontempora0000unse

https://archive.org/details/greekorthodoxchu0000brat

https://archive.org/details/historyofmiddlea00pain

https://archive.org/stream/riseoffeudalmona0000pain_s2t2?ref=ol

https://archive.org/details/riseoffeudalmona0000pain/mode/2up

https://books.google.si/books/about/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5.html?id=R7YRAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y

http://www.balkanpost.net/clanak/1947/ko-je-bio-nacisticki-saradnik-ivo-andric

http://www.27mart.com/main.php?pages_id=110

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-5370.1970.tb00905.x

https://www.jstor.com/stable/20020201

http://www.sazu.si/uploads/files/57dfbe71e126b1a75cebe90f/1998_biografski_zbornik.pdf

DOI:10.1002/9781444323658 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781444323658

https://www.jstor.org/journal/historytheory

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590801

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230223059

https://www.academia.edu/18322317/Magnum_opus_%C4%8Cedomira_Popova_-_Istorija_Evrope_u_dugom_19._veku_?auto=download

http://www.pollitecon.com/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/259851

https://www.jstor.org/stable/259849

https://www.jstor.org/stable/i211477

https://www.jstor.org/stable/259664

https://books.google.si/books/about/Anti%C4%8Dke_studije_kod_Srba.html?id=mTQeAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=Ys9BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Vizantijski+izvori+za+istoriju+naroda+Jugoslavije&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=RzgKAAAAIAAJ&dq=Vizantijski+izvori+za+istoriju+naroda+Jugoslavije&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=8K9BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Vizantiski+izvori+za+istoriju+naroda+Jugoslavije,+Koli%C4%8Dina+2&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=WBpXAAAAYAAJ&hl=sl&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=hM9BAAAAYAAJ&hl=sl&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=9hMUAQAAMAAJ&hl=sl&source=gbs_navlinks_s

https://books.google.si/books?id=ZvqAAAAAMAAJ&dq=Srpska+akademija+nauka+i+umetnosti&source=gbs_navlinks_s

http://mekteba.com/knjige/zivot-i-obicaj-muslimana-u-bosni-i-hercegovini/

http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3467646

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41275162

https://www.academia.edu/1519668/Royal_Frankish_Annals_on_the_Serbs_in_the_Early_Twenties

https://archive.org/details/westermannsatlas00stie/mode/2up

https://www.academia.edu/38428860/Language_and_Ethnic_Identity_of_the_Thracians_during_the_Roman_Age_and_Late_Antiquity

https://www.academia.edu/34673739/On_the_Names_of_Thracia_and_Eastern_Macedonia_%CE%9A%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3_%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_2017_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80._75_82Proeva_2017_PD_body_color

https://www.academia.edu/35232250/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%AE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A6%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82._._%CE%9A%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3._%D0%A1%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%B2._%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%9E%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_2017_Hristo_Popov_Julia_Tzvetkova_eds._._%CE%9A%CE%A1%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3._Volume_in_honour_of_Professor_Peter_Delev._St._Kliment_Ohridski_University_Press_2017_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5

https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2010.532775

https://www.academia.edu/39949300/MACEDONIA_-A_HISTORY_TERM

https://www.ini.ukim.mk/?m=7&p=3&t=0

https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803185

https://doi.org/10.1080/2040350X.2019.1596530

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKFvjS27f0I

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RGak7V_K1T4

https://patriot.co.rs/krunisanje-kralja-petra-i-karadjordjevica-foto/?lang=lat

http://www.scheufler.cz/en-CZ/photohistory/photoarchive,petar-i-of-serbia-coronation-1904,50.html

https://rs.sputniknews.com/nauka/202006151122785191-istorijska-tajna-iz-doba-pre-nemanjica-cuveni-hrvatski-knez-viseslav-je-srbin/

https://www.igenea.com/en/ancient-tribes/illyrians

https://www.academia.edu/36485920/_The_Fundamental_Misconception_of_the_Balkan_Ethnology_The_Illyrian_Theory_of_the_Albanian_Ethnogenesis_

https://www.rastko.rs/isk/isk_27.html

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26299556

https://rs.sputniknews.com/politika/202006141122775393-posle-pretnji-smrcu-srpska-devojcica-u-sad-potvrdila-istinu-o-ratu-u-bosni--lavina-tek-pokrenuta/

https://doi.org/10.1080/13617670802289544

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43725702

http://www.politeja.wsmip.uj.edu.pl/en_GB/przegladaj-numery/-/journal_content/56_INSTANCE_4UZJ4avLqukk/15897341/94668575

https://www.alislam.org/quran/five-vol/

https://quranyusufali.com/

https://quran.com/

https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/192/38782.html

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/mar/11/edvulliamy.peterbeaumont

http://www.kosovo.net/victims.html

http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/25892

http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/35011

http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/24993

http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32744

http://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/32782

https://rs.sputniknews.com/analize/202006061122697120-brutalna-pretenzija-sofije-sad-tvrde-da-je-i-srpski-jezik--bugarski-video/

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43270396

https://books.google.si/books?id=u4I2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16&dq=In+1944+Kosovo+Albanians+began+to+be+recruited+for+an+Albanian+Waffen-SS+division&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQzq_Imu_pAhUJx4sKHTa2BXAQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=In%201944%20Kosovo%20Albanians%20began%20to%20be%20recruited%20for%20an%20Albanian%20Waffen-SS%20division&f=false

http://www.ff.uni-lj.si/sites/default/files/Dokumenti/Knjige/e-books/historija.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1080/08821127.2010.10678158

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DOI: 10.1163/9789004388376

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https://books.google.si/books?id=xf46U9qO87oC&pg=PA65&dq=Should+Italy+obtain+the+Trentino+and+Istria+in+accordance+with+the+provisions+of+Article+4,+together+with+Dalmatia+and+the+Adriatic+islands+within+the+limits+specified+in+Article+5,+and+the+Bay+of+Valona+(Article+6),+and+if+the+central+portion+of+Albania+is+reserved+for+the+establishment+of+a+small+autonomous+neutralised+State,+Italy+shall+not+oppose+the+division+of+Northern+and+Southern+Albania+between+Montenegro,+Serbia,+and+Greece,+should+France&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiul4WAmrLkAhVxposKHdGLCvYQ6AEIQDAD#v=onepage&q=Should%20Italy%20obtain%20the%20Trentino%20and%20Istria%20in%20accordance%20with%20the%20provisions%20of%20Article%204%2C%20together%20with%20Dalmatia%20and%20the%20Adriatic%20islands%20within%20the%20limits%20specified%20in%20Article%205%2C%20and%20the%20Bay%20of%20Valona%20(Article%206)%2C%20and%20if%20the%20central%20portion%20of%20Albania%20is%20reserved%20for%20the%20establishment%20of%20a%20small%20autonomous%20neutralised%20State%2C%20Italy%20shall%20not%20oppose%20the%20division%20of%20Northern%20and%20Southern%20Albania%20between%20Montenegro%2C%20Serbia%2C%20and%20Greece%2C%20should%20France&f=false

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'''A synopsis on the development of the Albanological sciences through history in conjunction to the Albanian national awakening and the project of Greater Albania

Deceitful narratives by Tirana and Priština

The official doctrine by the Academy of Sciences of Albania dictates two fundamental points on the origin of Albanians: first, the present-day Albanians are the direct genetic descendants of Illyrians with an unbroken continuity since at least the Bronze Age; and second, Albanians are an autochthonous populace on the territories presently inhabited by them. The Kosova issue--a historic and current problem: symposium held in Tirana on April 15-16, 1993, quotes:"Introduction: The volume "The Kosova issue - a historic and current problem", presented to the reader, is a collection of communications held in the Symposium organized in Tirana on April 15-16 1993 by Albanian scholars from Albania, Kosova, Macedonia, Montenegro as well as by foreign scholars. The communications of the Albanian and foreign scholars, included in this volume, are devoted to important questions of the political history of the Albanian population in Kosova and in other Albanian territories in Macedonia, Montenegro and in Serbia. Based on historical sources, the communications of this volume shed light on the authoctony of the Albanians in those lands, on their cultural and spiritual community with the Albanians from other lands (with whom they faced the same historical challenges), on the tragedy experienced by them after the arbitrary inclusion in the boundaries of the neighbouring states at the end of the Balkan Wars (1912, 1913) and the decisions of the Conference of the Ambassadors in London in 1913. A number of communications has as object of study the unprecedented genocide exercised over the Albanians from 1913 up to now, the efforts for their assimilation as well as the stubborn struggle of the Albanians for the national rights which has known violent outbursts from the time of the occupation until now. Consequently, it is natural that the question of the Albanians, of this great non-Slav community, unjustly included in the former state of Yugoslavia, as is shown in the materials of this volume, would make up the key problem of the Yugoslav crisis. For this reason, only the right solution of the national question of the Albanians in the former-Yugoslavia would create the possibility to establish the stability in the region and the spirit of understanding in the Balkans. Edi Shukriu: In conclusion, it might be said that the thesis of the Illyrian character of the Dardanians is the most tenable. Dardanian society developed to the extent that a Dardanian tate was formed. Tradition, and economic and political interests contributed to the Dardanians' ties with other Illyrians. As a result, the territories where Illyrian states had formerly existed (in modern Albania, Kosova, western Macedonia, southern Serbia, Montenegro, and Cameria) did not succumb to Romanization, but continued to be inhabited by an indigenous Illyrian or Arberian-Albanian population. Neritan Ceka: If history is studied in order to build both the present and the future, it would be a very good lesson not only' for the predecessors of the Dardans in their own areas, but also for the Albanians, the successors of the Illyrians. Skënder Anamali: The history of the Albanians of the early Middle Ages is a continuation of the history of the Illyrians of late antiquity. The Albanians, as descendants of the Illyrians, inhabited the same areas and inherited from the Illyrians their language and material and spiritual culture. This holds true of all the Albanian-inhabited regions, including Kosova and the other Albanian territories in what was Yugoslavia. In late antiquity, Kosova was included in the province of Dardania, which included such important cities as Naisus, Ulpiana, and Shkup. The regions of Tetove, Gostivar, Kercove, Struge and Oher belonged to the province of New Epirus, while the Albanian areas in modern Montenegro were included in the province Prevalitania... Thus, the early mediaeval items discovered in Kosova lead us to the logical conclusion that they belong to an indigenous Albanian population, direct descendants of the ancient inhabitants, for whom historical sources still for a time used the imperial and administrative term Byzantine-Roman. Closing speech, Gazmend Zajmi: Scientific work on a sound basis from the field of history testified and widened our horizons of knowledge with regard to the Albanian autochthonous ancient and incessant continuity in the territory of former Yugoslavia and the other Albanian ethnic territories in the territory of decomposed Yugoslavia. It is this Illyrian-Dardanian continuity that later assumed the distinctive charasteristics of the Albanian ethnos and later of the Albanian nation, beginning with the earliest medieval history and coming down to the contemporary national history. The glimmers of the Albanian national feeling, as a feeling which distinguished them from the others and as an integrative sentiment in the fold of their ethnos and the territory they are living on, can be traced much earlier than in the national Renaissance."  Aleks Buda. All of the Albanian scientists have more or less agreed on the Illyrian origin of Albanians.  Not only are Albanians an autochthonous populace and the direct offsprings of Illyrians, but they are also a population which was among the first to adopt Christianity in Europe.   Since Albanians are the sons of Illyrians, it thereof follows that the territories of their Ultra-Super-Mega-Greater Illyria (read: Greater Albania) must have extended once from the Istrian peninsula to the right bank of Sava river, through the Morava-Vardar drainage areas to Pindus mountains and down to the Gulf of Arta, as far back as the Adriatic and Ionian seas. According to Albanian scholars: the Dardanians were Illyrians, the Epirotic state was Illyrian, the Paeonian kingdom was part of the Illyrian world, Pyrrhus of Epirus was Illyrian, Alexander's mother Olympia was Illyrian, Dodona sanctuary was Illyrian, and so on. Skënder Anamali

As Albanians are the sons of Illyrians, so the territories of their Ultra-Super-Mega-Greater Illyria must have once extended from the Istrian peninsula to the right bank of Sava river, through the Morava-Vardar drainage areas to Pindus mountains and down to the Gulf of Arta, as far back as the Adriatic and Ionian seas. Furthermore, attempting to minimise a gap that exists between the Serbian and Greek national movements, on the one hand, and Albanian, on the other, these scornful jesters propounded an earlier date when the Albanian National Revival (Rilindja kombëtare) had taken its shape. Congruent with these presumptions, the first rudiments of belated Albanian national awakening should have emerged as early as in the 1830s. Moreover, the Albanians, whilst retaining a clear and distinctive ethnic consciousness, have apparently fought for their independence against Ottomans ever since the times of Iskander Beg himself. But, as we shall see in the following few paragraphs, matters are not quite exactly the way as portrayed by the so-called "scientists" from Tirana and Priština.

Yet still it is necessary to stress that the main stumbling block for Albanians is actually not their alleged Illyrian provenance but the project of Greater Albania, i.e. status of the Serbian province Kosovo and Metohija. Aleksandar Pavković [https://books.google.si/books?id=eVmhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8&dq=While+it+presents+a+straightforward+justification+for+the+national+liberation+of+Kosovo+Albanians,+this+myth+also+aims+to+justify+the+unification+of+all+Albanians+%E2%80%94+%27the+first+settlers%27+%E2%80%94+into+a+single+state,+thus+re-creating+the+mythical+ancient+state+of+Illyricum,+conveniently+located+in+the+present-day+Albania,+Kosovo+and+western+Macedonia.+As+it+stands,+the+myth+of+the+Illyrian+descent+and+first+settlement+aims+to+justify+not+only+the+struggle+for+independence+of+Kosova,+but+also+its+unification+with+the+other+lands+currently+populated+by+Albanians.&source=bl&ots=d9ydqqdzOD&sig=ACfU3U2IOR-aeeTjqQJZkGRX0HJ5Nko1rQ&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRitOX74PgAhXJfFAKHQ-uCioQ6AEwAHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=While%20it%20presents%20a%20straightforward%20justification%20for%20the%20national%20liberation%20of%20Kosovo%20Albanians%2C%20this%20myth%20also%20aims%20to%20justify%20the%20unification%20of%20all%20Albanians%20%E2%80%94%20'the%20first%20settlers'%20%E2%80%94%20into%20a%20single%20state%2C%20thus%20re-creating%20the%20mythical%20ancient%20state%20of%20Illyricum%2C%20conveniently%20located%20in%20the%20present-day%20Albania%2C%20Kosovo%20and%20western%20Macedonia.%20As%20it%20stands%2C%20the%20myth%20of%20the%20Illyrian%20descent%20and%20first%20settlement%20aims%20to%20justify%20not%20only%20the%20struggle%20for%20independence%20of%20Kosova%2C%20but%20also%20its%20unification%20with%20the%20other%20lands%20currently%20populated%20by%20Albanians.&f=false] "While it presents a straightforward justification for the national liberation of Kosovo Albanians, this myth also aims to justify the unification of all Albanians — 'the first settlers' — into a single state, thus re-creating the mythical ancient state of Illyricum, conveniently located in the present-day Albania, Kosovo and western Macedonia. As it stands, the myth of the Illyrian descent and first settlement aims to justify not only the struggle for independence of Kosova, but also its unification with the other lands currently populated by Albanians." Thus the Albanian political nomenclature exploits this pseudohistorical hypothesis of the origin of Albanians, under a pretext of indigenousness, for construction of its own national identity, but more importantly, for the promotion of the project of Greater Albania and the territorial claims over neighbouring peoples. Stane Južnič: Albanci in Albanija, Teorija in praksa (1993), letnik 30, številka 7/8., quote:"Posebna vrsta koroboracije etničnemu argumentu je dokazovanje staroselskosti ali, če uporabimo latinski izraz, indigenosti.3 To sicer ni povsem določljiva kategorija v smislu, da bi imela povsem jasne in nedvoumne pravne ali, postavimo, moralne konsekvence. Se zlasti zaradi tega, ker je staroselskost težko določiti po mnogih generacijah. Je pa argument uporaben v določeni meri, ko naj bi večje pravice na določeno ozemlje imeli tisti, ki so na njem bili »prej«. Albanci v sporu s sosedi prav gotovo lahko segajo po tem argumentu. Tako dokazujejo »predpravice« in vztrajajo pri svojih »starejših pravicah«. Še zlasti je to izvedljivo, če se dokazuje s kontinuiranostjo bivanja, ki so ga presekali prišleki, priseljenci ali pritepenci. Tak argument lahko močno vibrira in privzdigne narodno zavest v situaciji evidentne ogroženosti etničnega »telesa«... Manipuliranje z ilirskim imenom in izvorom je sicer dokaj razprostranjeno, ker je tako moč dokazovati »starobitnost« na Balkanu. Albanci bodo bržkone pri tem najbolj vztrajali. Prav zanimivo je, kako je albanska Akademija znanosti (po letu 1970) pripoznala potrebo po antropoloških preiskavah. V prvi vrsti naj bi služile kot spodbuda k odkrivanju »povezav« med Albanci in predzgodovinskimi ljudstvi, še posebej pa z Iliri.4 Arheologi naj bi k temu kar se da veliko prispevali in bili so »formirani« kot zgodovinarji... Teza o staroselskosti in argument priseljenosti se v nacionalnih oziroma nacionalističnih disputih izključujeta. Ne eno ne drugo stališče pa ne more povsem nedotaknjeno prestati kritične presoje. Etnogeneza na Balkanu je, kot je to povsod, kjer so bile migracije frekventne, neprimerno bolj zapletena. Bilo pa bi preveč pričakovati kako zbližanje ali, naj rečemo pomirjenje argumentov, tez in hipotez. Predolgo so se negovale in zašle v mnoge ekstremne razlage. Njihova politična in ideološka teža pa prej raste kot upada." Alexandru Madgearu + Robert Elsie + Irena Sawicka + Marco Dogo + Marjeta Šašel Kos    + Peter Bartl. For example, the so-called "Prime Minister" of the provisional institutions in Priština, Ramush Haradinaj, notorious drug lord and one of the former leaders of the terrorist KLA organisation, in an interview from the 16th of April, in 2018, for one of local television stations said that "the Albanians are some old nation which is autochthonous in this area." An unctuous Albanian politician and a diplomat from Kosovo-Metohija, Vlora Çitaku, currently performing duties of the Ambassador of the so-called 'Republika e Kosovës' to the United States, runs a smear campaign against Serbia in the UNSC Chamber. On 8254th meeting (S/PV.8254), Ms Çitaku replied to Minister of Foreign Affairs Ivica Dačić by explaining to him that even though Kosovo is a very young "state", that they are an old nation; that they can point to any given point in history and that they have always existed—therewith clearly establishes an allusion of the autochthonous origin of Albanians. For Sali Berisha, former President and Prime Minister of Albania, Constantine the Great was Illyrian (=Albanian), Albanians have the merit for the spread of Christianity, etc. As a consequence, Constantine should be honoured by Serbians as well. [https://books.google.si/books?id=po3eCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=Officially,+Albanians+are+nevertheless+descended+from+the+Illyrians.+In+connection+with+the+centenary,+the+premier+started+a+process+of+turning+the+Emperor+Constantine+into+an+Albanian+national+hero,+given+his+%27universally+recognized+Illyrian+origins%27+(Berisha,+quoted+in+Lika+2012).+In+Berisha%27s+view,+%27our+forefather%27+%5BConstantine%5D+is,+in+addition+to+%27Christ,+Muhammed+and+Buddha%27,+the+most+important+person+in+human+history+who+%27paved+the+way+for+Christianity%27,+prevented+the+persecution+of+Christians,+and+%27founded+Constantinople,+one+of+civilization%27s+most+important+epicentres%27+(ibid.).+As+a+consequence,+Constantine+should+be+honoured,+also+by+Christian+Serbs+in+Kosovo+(ibid.).+By+this,+the+Prime+Minister+gives+an+%27Albanian%27+the+credit+for+the+spread+of+Christianity+and+connects+the+Albanian+nation+to+Christian+triumphalist+history.&source=bl&ots=jvxISpRVq9&sig=UG-UUxI4mRoICGLzgPZY1EAmfEY&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-3KeMm4rbAhUSa1AKHTINANAQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=Officially%2C%20Albanians%20are%20nevertheless%20descended%20from%20the%20Illyrians.%20In%20connection%20with%20the%20centenary%2C%20the%20premier%20started%20a%20process%20of%20turning%20the%20Emperor%20Constantine%20into%20an%20Albanian%20national%20hero%2C%20given%20his%20'universally%20recognized%20Illyrian%20origins'%20(Berisha%2C%20quoted%20in%20Lika%202012).%20In%20Berisha's%20view%2C%20'our%20forefather'%20%5BConstantine%5D%20is%2C%20in%20addition%20to%20'Christ%2C%20Muhammed%20and%20Buddha'%2C%20the%20most%20important%20person%20in%20human%20history%20who%20'paved%20the%20way%20for%20Christianity'%2C%20prevented%20the%20persecution%20of%20Christians%2C%20and%20'founded%20Constantinople%2C%20one%20of%20civilization's%20most%20important%20epicentres'%20(ibid.).%20As%20a%20consequence%2C%20Constantine%20should%20be%20honoured%2C%20also%20by%20Christian%20Serbs%20in%20Kosovo%20(ibid.).%20By%20this%2C%20the%20Prime%20Minister%20gives%20an%20'Albanian'%20the%20credit%20for%20the%20spread%20of%20Christianity%20and%20connects%20the%20Albanian%20nation%20to%20Christian%20triumphalist%20history.&f=false Strategies of Symbolic Nation-building in South Eastern Europe, 2014] During the elections campaign in 2002, in national television news programme, Mr Arbën Xhaferi, founder and the leader of Albanian DPA party, explained to Macedonians why they are Slavo-Macedonians: because they came to Macedonia in the 6th century from a territory over the Carpathians, therefore having nothing to do with the ancient Macedonians, and thereof no right to the name of Macedonia. According to him, this name essentially belongs to Albanians, who are the direct successors of Illyrians! Mr Xhaferi draws the right of Albanians to the name of Macedonia no more and no less but directly from the name of Alexander of Macedon—and this without even asking himself the reason why the famous king was not called Alexander of Illyria, i.e. Albanian! Accordingly, after the latest  'scientific'  discovery by this Albanian politician from Macedonia, Alexander of Macedon was Illyrian because his mother was Epirotic—and according to the pan-Illyrian theory, Epirots are Illyrians. The same story (about the Albanian origin of Alexander) is today narrated to us by Ali Ahmeti, the leader of Albanian party DUI and the current coalitional partner in parliament. Our last example is not exactly a politician, but he nevertheless deserves a special mention due to his exuberant originality. A certain Pelasgian from Priština, who goes by the name of Rexhep Doçi, seems to think that it was the Albanians who built the Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens and not the Greeks. But our Mr Doçi is not the only one who thinks this way; on the contrary, he is someone who represents an opinion of many. These Albanian authors claim a direct lineage to the Pelasgians, peoples who were once spread across the Mediterranean and all over Europe, and out of which had developed all of the major ancient European civilisations. As descendants of these first Indo-Europeans, the Albanians would, therefore, make the most ancient and the most authentically European people. Gilles de Rapper,, quote:"It seems that Illyrians as official ancestors of modern Albanians are challenged nowadays by even more ancient and prestigious (although less known) ancestors, Pelasgians. Pelasgians are known by ancient Greek historians as the first inhabitants of Greece who were later replaced by Hellenes. In ancient Greek visions of the past, they appeared as the autochthonous population par excellence... At the beginning of the 19th century, another theory appeared, stating that Albanians were direct descendants of Pelasgians and were, as such, the most ancient and most autochthonous population living in Europe. It first appeared outside Albania, among foreign scholars and Italo-Albanian communities of southern Italy. All these attempts were inspired by the romantic conception of the nation which was common all over Europe at the time and had clearly a political motivation at a time when Ottoman rule was retreating from the Balkans, leaving space for territorial claims by new nation-states (Clayer 2007: 160-180, Malcolm 2002)... The Pelasgians are nonetheless coming back today. Lots of publications by professional or amateur historians and linguists are revitalising the Pelasgic theory (see, among others: d'Angely 1998; Margilaj 2000; Kokalari 2001; Pilika 2005; Spahiu 2006; Kocaqi 2007; Kocaqi 2008). They are widely read and commented, not only among scholars and specialists. The re-using of the old theories is a complex phenomenon, linking in various ways Pelasgians, Illyrians, Etruscans, Greeks and Albanians, according to various motivations and using various kinds of evidence... They state that the Pelasgians were spread all over Europe and the Mediterranean: according to those authors, all ancient civilisations in Europe (Greek, Roman, Etruscan, Celtic, etc.) stemmed from the Pelasgic civilisation. They were the first Europeans; their direct descendants, the Albanians, are thus the most ancient and most authentically European people (Kokalari 2001: 14; Aref 2003: 22). And this, they say, should be considered by the European Union: there is no reason to exclude Albanians from Europe; on the contrary, they are Europe. In this respect, the Pelasgic issue is also a discourse on Europe and on the place and role of Albanians within Europe." In their vivid imagination, the Albanians, as an autochthonous population or at least the firstcomers, have greater historical rights to the places presently inhabited by them than their neighbours, who are nothing but intruders to this area or the latecomers. Pavković, Aleksandar: [https://books.google.si/books?id=u3paCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=Like+Croat+nationalism,+Albanian+nationalism+is+based+on+Albanian+historic+rights+derived+from+the+alleged+direct+descent+of+Albanians+from+the+ancient+tribe+of+Illyrians+who+populated+the+Balkans+before+the+settlement+of+the+South+Slavs.+This+is+the+argument+from+historical+precedence:+Illyrians,+that+is,+Albanians,+were+there+first+and+all+the+others+%5E+in+particular,+Serbs+%5E+are+later+conquerors+who+do+not+rightly+belong+to+the+territory+inhabited+by+Albanians.3+Within+the+framework+of+this+ideological+conception,+the+patriotic+Albanian+historians+in+Kosovo+since+the+early+1970s+engaged+in+research+aiming+to+demonstrate+the+main+premise+of+the+argument,+that+the+Illyrians+or+Albanians+preceded+the+Serbs+and+other+South+Slavs+in+Kosovo+and+in+Macedonia.+In+addition,+Kosovo+Albanian+historians+also+wanted+to+demonstrate+that+the+Kosovo+Albanian+contribution+to+the+Partisan+struggle+and+to+the+liberation+of+Yugoslavia+was+proportionate+to+the+other+nations+of+Yugoslavia.+These+two+historical+arguments+were+intended+to+prove+the+right+of+the+Albanians+to+Kosovo+and+the+right+of+Kosovo+to+be+a+republic+separate+from+Serbia.+Since,+by+virtue+of+their+historical+precedence,+Kosovo+rightfully+belongs+to+the+Albanians,+there+is+no+reason+for+Kosovo+to+be+part+of+Serbia.+As+they+fought+for+the+liberation+of+their+province+and+of+Yugoslavia+as+did+all+other+constituent+nations,+they+should+form+a+constituent+nation+with+its+own+homeland+%5E+the+republic+of+Kosovo.&source=bl&ots=ScrxkJbc-k&sig=fSN-ZPb7cXERSfAEURA80SsKGnk&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmh5Ou-PzYAhVKblAKHVRmDXAQ6AEIJTAA#v=onepage&q=Like%20Croat%20nationalism%2C%20Albanian%20nationalism%20is%20based%20on%20Albanian%20historic%20rights%20derived%20from%20the%20alleged%20direct%20descent%20of%20Albanians%20from%20the%20ancient%20tribe%20of%20Illyrians%20who%20populated%20the%20Balkans%20before%20the%20settlement%20of%20the%20South%20Slavs.%20This%20is%20the%20argument%20from%20historical%20precedence%3A%20Illyrians%2C%20that%20is%2C%20Albanians%2C%20were%20there%20first%20and%20all%20the%20others%20%5E%20in%20particular%2C%20Serbs%20%5E%20are%20later%20conquerors%20who%20do%20not%20rightly%20belong%20to%20the%20territory%20inhabited%20by%20Albanians.3%20Within%20the%20framework%20of%20this%20ideological%20conception%2C%20the%20patriotic%20Albanian%20historians%20in%20Kosovo%20since%20the%20early%201970s%20engaged%20in%20research%20aiming%20to%20demonstrate%20the%20main%20premise%20of%20the%20argument%2C%20that%20the%20Illyrians%20or%20Albanians%20preceded%20the%20Serbs%20and%20other%20South%20Slavs%20in%20Kosovo%20and%20in%20Macedonia.%20In%20addition%2C%20Kosovo%20Albanian%20historians%20also%20wanted%20to%20demonstrate%20that%20the%20Kosovo%20Albanian%20contribution%20to%20the%20Partisan%20struggle%20and%20to%20the%20liberation%20of%20Yugoslavia%20was%20proportionate%20to%20the%20other%20nations%20of%20Yugoslavia.%20These%20two%20historical%20arguments%20were%20intended%20to%20prove%20the%20right%20of%20the%20Albanians%20to%20Kosovo%20and%20the%20right%20of%20Kosovo%20to%20be%20a%20republic%20separate%20from%20Serbia.%20Since%2C%20by%20virtue%20of%20their%20historical%20precedence%2C%20Kosovo%20rightfully%20belongs%20to%20the%20Albanians%2C%20there%20is%20no%20reason%20for%20Kosovo%20to%20be%20part%20of%20Serbia.%20As%20they%20fought%20for%20the%20liberation%20of%20their%20province%20and%20of%20Yugoslavia%20as%20did%20all%20other%20constituent%20nations%2C%20they%20should%20form%20a%20constituent%20nation%20with%20its%20own%20homeland%20%5E%20the%20republic%20of%20Kosovo.&f=false The Fragmentation of Yugoslavia: Nationalism and War in the Balkans], 2000

http://www.gei.de/en/publications/eckert-die-schriftenreihe/sr-single-volume/news/detail/News/claudia-lichnofsky-enriketa-pandelejmoni-darko-stojanov-eds-myths-and-mythical-spaces-conditio.html https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=149330 http://www.albaner.net/Librat/Historia%20e%20Popullit%20Shqiptar.pdf

https://www.eurozine.com/re-inventing-skenderbeg/?pdf

https://books.google.si/books?id=e_TKBd1prK0C&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Virtual+Irredentism?+The+Redemption+and+Reification+of+the+Albanian+Nation+in+Cyberspace.&source=bl&ots=C0VXvgZ8Gs&sig=gBFak1mm-K_-vFD8fzc1z2kcR9U&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwis88qW1rTcAhVGyKQKHUUxAZcQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q&f=false

http://www.oei.fu-berlin.de/en/research/nation-building/intern/anthropology/peter_sugar_-_eastern_european_nationalism_in_the_twentieth_century.pdf

The Eastern crisis (1875-1878) and the advent of the Albanian nationalism

https://smerdaleos.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/187370296-anthony-d-smith-ethno-symbolism-and.pdf

https://books.google.si/books?id=bEAJbHBlXR8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=anthony+d.+smith+national+identity&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjI8dO_8azjAhUvlYsKHTfhA0EQ6AEILTAA#v=onepage&q=anthony%20d.%20smith%20national%20identity&f=false

https://archive.org/details/1daskalovRTchavdarMEdEntangledHistoriesOfTheBalkans/page/n19

Irrespective of the above-mentioned delusions of grandeur, as already said, they are not grounded in science but politics. They are nothing more but a matter of science fiction. Piro Misha, "The recreation of the past is an indispensable part of any process which makes a people a nation. That is why history occupies an important place in the construction of an Albanian national identity. But history itself was not sufficient as this is where what has come to be known as the ‘nationalisation of history’ enters into play. For Albanian nationalists the reconstruction of the past was important to give evidence to the Albanians that they shared a common history. It was even more important, in the words of Ismail Kadare, to convince them that ‘they had a splendid history and that the national calamities were not a reason to cool them down about the fatherland, but on the contrary, to stand closer to it’... The approach to history was of course selective: just as it was important to awaken parts of the past, it was also important to leave other parts of it out or, if this was not possible, to remake them... The Illyrian descent theory soon became one of the principal pillars of Albanian nationalism because of its importance as evidence of Albanian historical continuity in Kosovo, as well as in the south of Albania, i.e. in the areas contested by Serbs or Greeks." We are thus compelled to search for the roots of these hallucinations, which revolve around the fictitious Albanian autochthony, in the time of the 19th century, a turbulent period which marks the rise of new Balkan states.Piro Misha [https://books.google.si/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC&pg=PA34&lpg=PA34&dq=The+process+of+Albanian+nation-building+cannot+be+fully+understood+unless+we+put+it+in+the+context+of+the+nineteenth-century+Balkans,+characterised+by+severe+conflicts+and+confrontations+among+the+newly-+created+Balkan+nation-states+which,+seeking+to+define+their+national+territories,+were+constructing+their+national+myths,+codes,+symbols,+and+histories+to+legitimise+their+policy+of+territorial+expansion+as+well+as+to+achieve+the+necessary+national+homogenisation.+The+Albanians+were+among+the+last+to+enter+into+this+scene+of+seething+nationalistic+passions+and+ambitions,+combined+with+the+intrigues+and+interest+politics+of+the+European+Great+Powers.&source=bl&ots=7uT4NmgIbr&sig=uVPAQmKUzZE9T4iBZapKkoOul_w&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjpyoP91YrcAhUSyqYKHdiUBRoQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20process%20of%20Albanian%20nation-building%20cannot%20be%20fully%20understood%20unless%20we%20put%20it%20in%20the%20context%20of%20the%20nineteenth-century%20Balkans%2C%20characterised%20by%20severe%20conflicts%20and%20confrontations%20among%20the%20newly-%20created%20Balkan%20nation-states%20which%2C%20seeking%20to%20define%20their%20national%20territories%2C%20were%20constructing%20their%20national%20myths%2C%20codes%2C%20symbols%2C%20and%20histories%20to%20legitimise%20their%20policy%20of%20territorial%20expansion%20as%20well%20as%20to%20achieve%20the%20necessary%20national%20homogenisation.%20The%20Albanians%20were%20among%20the%20last%20to%20enter%20into%20this%20scene%20of%20seething%20nationalistic%20passions%20and%20ambitions%2C%20combined%20with%20the%20intrigues%20and%20interest%20politics%20of%20the%20European%20Great%20Powers.&f=false], quote:"The process of Albanian nation-building cannot be fully understood unless we put it in the context of the nineteenth-century Balkans, characterised by severe conflicts and confrontations among the newly-created Balkan nation-states which, seeking to define their national territories, were constructing their national myths, codes, symbols, and histories to legitimise their policy of territorial expansion as well as to achieve the necessary national homogenisation. The Albanians were among the last to enter into this scene of seething nationalistic passions and ambitions, combined with the intrigues and interest politics of the European Great Powers... A great qualitative change in the movement took place at the end of the 1870s. It was at this time that the romantic national movement, restricted until then to a handful of intellectuals living abroad with limited real impact inside the country, began its transformation into a political national movement. The direct cause of this transformation were events that happened far away, the Russian-Turkish war (1877—8) in which the Turks suffered a crushing defeat... Among many internationally relevant decisions, the Congress of Berlin decided to partition among its direct neighbours a number of territories inhabited by Albanians. For the Albanians the Congress of Berlin sent another quite alarming signal, which went far beyond its practical decisions. It did not even recognise that there was an ‘Albanian Question’. The German Chancellor Bismarck pronounced that Albania was nothing but a geographical expression. Two Albanian nationalist leaders, Abdyl Frashëri and Jani Vreto, who went to Berlin in the hope of influencing the decisions of the Congress returned home without even succeeding in meeting anyone of significance." By 1887 the major steps toward the formation of the Balkan national states had been taken. An independent Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia, and an autonomous Bulgaria, were in existence. A movement aiming at the unification of the Albanian lands had been organized. Although the Balkan people of the Habsburg Empire had suffered a political setback with the conclusion of the Ausgleich, Croatia enjoyed a restricted but nevertheless autonomous status. The Romanians, Serbians, and Slovenes had political organizations, usually closely identified with their churches. Clayer, Nathalie. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118663202.wberen255 "Albania". The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism. John Wiley & Sons, 2015], quote:"The development of Albanianism in the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries is related to various factors: the spread of other nationalisms, but also the territorial issues between the Ottoman empire, the new Balkan states, and the great powers interested in the control of the Adriatic (i.e., Austro-Hungary and Italy)... Two political crises led to mobilization on the ground and further politicization. In 1878, when the Ottoman empire was about to disappear from Europe under Russian pressure, Albanian nationalism appeared on the public scene with the formation of the League of Prizren (1878–81)... Because it had mainly aimed at defending the interests of the Albanian provinces within the empire, and at legitimizing the formation of an Albanian state despite its Muslim majority if the empire should collapse, the dominant Albanianist discourse was built around the idea of unity beyond religious differences (from which sprung the myth that religion is not important for the Albanians); the idea of an Illyrian or Pelasgian origin that made the Albanian nation one of the most ancient in Europe; and above all around the superficiality or the non-Sunni (i.e., called “non-fanatic” at the time by Europeans) nature of Albanian Islam. The idea was that the Albanian Muslims should not be forced to emigrate to Anatolia like their fellow Turkish coreligionists... At the beginning of the 1990s, strong political mobilization occurred among the Albanians of Kosovo and Macedonia, and their relatives in the diaspora, in favor of independence and, sometimes, of the unification of all the “Albanian territories.”"... In Albania, as in Kosovo and Macedonia, nationalism remains an important tool of political legitimacy, counterdiscourses being considered betrayals or attacks by the enemy. However, there are multiple tensions between the three regional versions, and the pan-national conception of it, as well as between a multiplicity of new expressions that make clear reference to religious identities, narratives reinstating the Peslagian origin as a central theme, or interpretations related to the war in Kosovo and to traumatic migration experiences."

But, before we proceed any further, it is of the utmost importance to emphasise that the Albanian national movements did not endeavour its emancipation, they did not strive to liberate themselves from the Turkish domination. On the contrary, they believed that the autonomy within the Turkish Empire was the best guarantee for their local interests and national safety. The primary purpose of the League of Prizren was to organize political and military opposition to the dismemberment of Albanian-inhabited territory, and to petition the Sultan to unite the four vilayets of Ioannina, Bitolj, Skadar and Kosovo into one political and administrative unit. At that time, as argued by Matvey Lomonosov, Albanians still identified themselves closely with the Ottoman Empire on a supra-ethnic level, whilst the demonym  'Albanian'  itself carried more of a local or regional connotation instead. Vickers, Miranda. Quote:"Organized protests continued against the assignment of Albanian territory to Slavic states by the San Stefano Treaty. On 10 June 1878, a meeting of Albanian nationalist leaders was held in the Kosova town of Prizren. It was attended by over three hundred delegates, mostly from Kosova and Western Macedonia, but a handful of delegates from southern Albania were also present: although no Albanian territory had been granted to Greece by the Treaty of San Stefano, several southerners felt it necessary to show solidarity with the north... The primary purpose of the League was to organize political and military opposition to the dismemberment of Albanian-inhabited territory, and to petition the Sultan to unite the four vilayets of Janina, Monastir, Shkoder and Kosova into one political and administrative unit... The Albanians’ principal desire was for the unification of the southern vilayets with those of Shkoder, Uskub and Kosova, and to make Ohrid the capital owing to its central position... Before 1912, the majority of Albanians did not wish to see the Ottoman Empire dismembered; nor did they seek an independent state. Autonomy within the empire seemed the best guarantee of their local interests and national safety... The Congress of Berlin had invited the Greeks and Albanians to come to some sort of agreement, based on the line formed by the Kalamas and Salamavria rivers, which would allot the vilayet of Janina to Greece. When the Albanian delegates from Janina petitioned the Marquis of Salisbury they mentioned their affection for the Ottoman Government, ‘to which we are bound by our political existence of four centuries’. 11 They believed that annexation to Greece would eventually result in their annihilation, and declared that they were prepared to fight rather than be handed over to Greece. Within a Graeco-Albanian union, the Muslim Albanians stood to lose the privileged position they were accustomed to holding in the Ottoman Empire... Europe was understandably confused by the actions of the Albanians: sometimes fighting against the Porte, at other times for it, but on no occasion fighting on the side of the Christian Greeks or Slavs... Whenever the Porte was involved in hostilities with the Greeks or Slavs, the Albanians were still ready to defend it. There were mutual interests: a defeat of the Ottoman Empire would result in amputations of Albanian territory. Therefore, both Tosks and Ghegs fought on the side of the Porte during the Graeco-Ottoman war of 1897, which followed an insurrection on Crete. It was Albanian battalions that pushed back the Greeks from Penepigadia in Epirus and penetrated into Thessaly. The Greeks, who had imagined that the Orthodox Albanians had been won over to Hellenism and wanted unification with Greece, were disappointed to see that not a single battalion of the ‘bilingual’ (Orthodox) Albanians came to the rescue of the Greek army." Gawrych, George. [https://books.google.si/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=The+demands+were+regional+in+character.+As+noted+by+one+scholar,+the+document+%22said+nothing+about+reforms,+nothing+about+schools,+nothing+about+autonomy,+nothing+even+about+the+unification+of+the+Albanian+lands+in+one+vilayet%27.+Nor+did+it+attempt+to+define+the+borders+of+the+Albanian+vatan.+The+memorandum+thus+represented+a+minimalist+position+framed+within+an+Islamic-Ottoman+medium+without+any+stated+national+aspirations.+Everything+pointed+to+the+desire+of+the+participants+to+return+to+the+status+quo+prior+to+the+outbreak+of+the+Russo-Turkish+War+of+1877-78.+Thus,+the+overall+thrust+appeared+more+regional+in+scope,+designed+to+defend+against+immediate+threats+Thus,+the+overall+thrust+appeared+more+regional+in+scope,+designed+to+defend+against+immediate+threats+rather+than+offer+a+political+program+of+reform+for+all+Albania.&source=bl&ots=AHTDQI4L6X&sig=GicqO-nDHkckrcPEbVz546p-pUM&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL8-_6-dDcAhUJyqQKHRNEACoQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20demands%20were%20regional%20in%20character.%20As%20noted%20by%20one%20scholar%2C%20the%20document%20%22said%20nothing%20about%20reforms%2C%20nothing%20about%20schools%2C%20nothing%20about%20autonomy%2C%20nothing%20even%20about%20the%20unification%20of%20the%20Albanian%20lands%20in%20one%20vilayet'.%20Nor%20did%20it%20attempt%20to%20define%20the%20borders%20of%20the%20Albanian%20vatan.%20The%20memorandum%20thus%20represented%20a%20minimalist%20position%20framed%20within%20an%20Islamic-Ottoman%20medium%20without%20any%20stated%20national%20aspirations.%20Everything%20pointed%20to%20the%20desire%20of%20the%20participants%20to%20return%20to%20the%20status%20quo%20prior%20to%20the%20outbreak%20of%20the%20Russo-Turkish%20War%20of%201877-78.%20Thus%2C%20the%20overall%20thrust%20appeared%20more%20regional%20in%20scope%2C%20designed%20to%20defend%20against%20immediate%20threats%20Thus%2C%20the%20overall%20thrust%20appeared%20more%20regional%20in%20scope%2C%20designed%20to%20defend%20against%20immediate%20threats%20rather%20than%20offer%20a%20political%20program%20of%20reform%20for%20all%20Albania.&f=false]

The Albanians were among the last to enter into this scene of seething nationalistic passions and ambitions, combined with the intrigues and interest politics of the European Great Powers. Up until the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878), which resulted in Turkish defeat, the Albanians were primarily objecting the taxes, the draft, and the centralistic policy that the Turkish government was attempting to impose on them with the Tanzimat reforms (1839 – 1876). But the subsequent signing of the Treaty of San Stefano prompted the Albanian movements to take a different course: nationalistic. It is precisely at that moment when the Albanian ethnic consciousness had only begun moulding. Jelavich, Barbara. [https://books.google.si/books?id=qR4EeOrTm-0C&pg=PA363&lpg=PA363&dq=The+negotiations+among+the+powers+in+1878+forced+a+radical+change+in+the+Albanian+attitude.+The+Treaty+of+San+Stefano,+which+assigned+Albanian-inhabited+territory+to+Serbia,+Montenegro,+and+the+Bulgarian+provinces,+virtually+compelled+a+defensive+action.+In+the+spring+of+1878+prominent+Albanians+in+Constantinople+organized+a+secret+committee.+The+most+important+individual+here+was+Abdul+Frash%C3%ABri,+who+was+to+remain+the+leading+figure+in+the+early+stages+of+the+Albanian+national+movement.+In+May+this+group+decided+to+call+a+general+meeting+at+Prizren+that+would+be+composed+of+representatives+from+all+of+the+Albanian+lands.+The+vital+necessity+of+the+formation+of+a+central+authority+and+the+organization+of+an+armed+force+was+recognized.&source=bl&ots=1RF42mAdyx&sig=gUQPL-I1pSy8PRoWAUXJnOILAi4&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC8KKP8pPcAhWQGewKHZhqDZIQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20negotiations%20among%20the%20powers%20in%201878%20forced%20a%20radical%20change%20in%20the%20Albanian%20attitude.%20The%20Treaty%20of%20San%20Stefano%2C%20which%20assigned%20Albanian-inhabited%20territory%20to%20Serbia%2C%20Montenegro%2C%20and%20the%20Bulgarian%20provinces%2C%20virtually%20compelled%20a%20defensive%20action.%20In%20the%20spring%20of%201878%20prominent%20Albanians%20in%20Constantinople%20organized%20a%20secret%20committee.%20The%20most%20important%20individual%20here%20was%20Abdul%20Frash%C3%ABri%2C%20who%20was%20to%20remain%20the%20leading%20figure%20in%20the%20early%20stages%20of%20the%20Albanian%20national%20movement.%20In%20May%20this%20group%20decided%20to%20call%20a%20general%20meeting%20at%20Prizren%20that%20would%20be%20composed%20of%20representatives%20from%20all%20of%20the%20Albanian%20lands.%20The%20vital%20necessity%20of%20the%20formation%20of%20a%20central%20authority%20and%20the%20organization%20of%20an%20armed%20force%20was%20recognized.&f=false], quote:"Facing a military disaster, the Ottoman government asked for peace, and on January 31 the armistice was concluded at Adrianopole. Ottoman and Russian representatives then negotiated a treaty, which was signed at San Stefano on March 3... The negotiations among the powers in 1878 forced a radical change in the Albanian attitude. The Treaty of San Stefano, which assigned Albanian inhabited territory to Serbia, Montenegro, and the Bulgarian provinces, virtually compelled a defensive action. In the spring of 1878 prominent Albanians in Constantinople organized a secret committee. The most important individual here was Abdul Frasheri, who was to remain the leading figure in the early stages of the Albanian national movement. In May this group decided to call a general meeting at Prizren that would be composed of representatives from all of the Albanian lands. The vital necessity of the formation of a central authority and the organization of an armed force was recognized."

https://books.google.si/books?id=o3pBCgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=P-t6CgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=csxqCgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=Plp3CgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=Xul6CgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=TO96CgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&redir_esc=y

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https://books.google.si/books?id=pqxqCgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&lr=&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=boFBCgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&lr=&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=jYA1CgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&lr=&redir_esc=y

https://books.google.si/books?id=i8hqCgAAQBAJ&hl=sr&lr=&redir_esc=y

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http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis49(2002).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis51(2004).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis52(2005).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis53(2006).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis54(2007).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis58(2009).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis58(2009).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis59(2010).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis60(2011).pdf

http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis61(2012).pdf

https://www.academia.edu/5077310/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_1912_2012._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA

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http://www.iib.ac.rs/assets/files/IstorijskiCasopis64(2015).pdf

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When Russia defeated the Turks at the end of 1877, she imposed upon them the Treaty of San Stefano (March 3, 1878), which accorded to the Balkan Slavic nations large pieces of Albanian land. Serbia was allotted a strip of Albanian-inhabited territory in Old Serbia. Bulgaria and Montenegro were especially favored. The first country was to expand westward even into Albania, including the major part of the province of Korča (Koritza). Montenegro was to annex northern Albanian regions extending from Rugovo, near Peć, to south of Žabljak, as well as the ports of Bar (Antivari) and Ulcinj (Dulcigno), on the Adriatic; while her southern frontier with Albania would run through the Lake of Skadar (Scutari) and along the Bojana River to the Adriatic Sea. At Adrianople the representative of Montenegro, Radonić, put forth claims even to the city of Skadar, but the Russians pointed out to him the extreme difficulty of these claims and they were abandoned. With the Treaty of San Stefano Russia aimed to create a great Bulgaria, retaining therein her influence, and to form an independent and larger Montenegro and Serbia. All this corresponded to two fundamental tendencies of Russian policy: to satisfy the Slavophiles, who desired to see as many Slavs as possible liberated; and to establish Russia's domination over the Straits and expel Austria-Hungary from the Balkans. Vickers, Miranda. [https://books.google.si/books?id=QnYAAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=Following+the+defeat+of+the+Porte+in+March+1878+Russia+imposed+on+the+Ottoman+administration+the+harsh+Treaty+of+San+Stefano.+This+was+designed+to+curb+Austro-Hungarian+influence+in+the+Balkans,+to+satisfy+the+Pan-+Slavists+who+wished+to+see+the+liberation+of+all+Slavs,+and+to+strengthen+Russia%E2%80%99s+position+in+the+area.+Albania+was+one+of+the+principal+victims+of+the+treaty,+which+ceded+substantial+territories+inhabited+by+Albanians+to+Serbia,+Montenegro+and+a+greatly+enlarged+Bulgaria.+Serbia+was+allotted+a+large+part+of+the+sanjak+of+Pristina,+Montenegro+received+the+north+Albanian+regions+including+Peja+(Pec),+Ulqin,+Hoti,+Plava,+Gucia+and+Podgorica.+Bulgaria+received+a+vast+area+of+western+Albania,+including+Korea,+Dibra+and+Tetova.+The+Albanian+reaction+to+San+Stefano+was+swift+and+spontaneous:+local+committees+of+defence+were+hastily+formed+throughout+the+vilayets+of+Kosova,+Shkoder+and+Monastir.&source=bl&ots=Ji8C7_EGbv&sig=JmPh8sT8wFXFXflyR9aMLtNqv5c&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiLzfOfjMncAhWLmLQKHeP7AnsQ6AEwAHoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=Following%20the%20defeat%20of%20the%20Porte%20in%20March%201878%20Russia%20imposed%20on%20the%20Ottoman%20administration%20the%20harsh%20Treaty%20of%20San%20Stefano.%20This%20was%20designed%20to%20curb%20Austro-Hungarian%20influence%20in%20the%20Balkans%2C%20to%20satisfy%20the%20Pan-%20Slavists%20who%20wished%20to%20see%20the%20liberation%20of%20all%20Slavs%2C%20and%20to%20strengthen%20Russia%E2%80%99s%20position%20in%20the%20area.%20Albania%20was%20one%20of%20the%20principal%20victims%20of%20the%20treaty%2C%20which%20ceded%20substantial%20territories%20inhabited%20by%20Albanians%20to%20Serbia%2C%20Montenegro%20and%20a%20greatly%20enlarged%20Bulgaria.%20Serbia%20was%20allotted%20a%20large%20part%20of%20the%20sanjak%20of%20Pristina%2C%20Montenegro%20received%20the%20north%20Albanian%20regions%20including%20Peja%20(Pec)%2C%20Ulqin%2C%20Hoti%2C%20Plava%2C%20Gucia%20and%20Podgorica.%20Bulgaria%20received%20a%20vast%20area%20of%20western%20Albania%2C%20including%20Korea%2C%20Dibra%20and%20Tetova.%20The%20Albanian%20reaction%20to%20San%20Stefano%20was%20swift%20and%20spontaneous%3A%20local%20committees%20of%20defence%20were%20hastily%20formed%20throughout%20the%20vilayets%20of%20Kosova%2C%20Shkoder%20and%20Monastir.&f=false] Gawrych, George. [https://books.google.si/books?id=wPOtzk-unJgC&pg=PA43&dq=Then+a+major+diplomatic+earthquake+shook+the+capitals+of+Europe.+On+3+March+1878,+the+tsar+forced+the+sultan+to+sign+the+Treaty+of+San+Stefano.+Rather+than+return+to+the+status+quo+or+impose+minor+modifications+in+territory,+Alexander+decided+to+establish+Russia%27s+paramount+position+in+the+Balkans.+He+compelled+the+sultan+to+accept+the+creation+of+a+large,+autonomous+Bulgarian+principality+of+some+five+million+inhabitants.+Bulgaria+would+extend+its+control+from+the+Black+Sea+to+as+far+west+as+Debre,+Gorice,+Kalkandelen+(Tetovo),+Manastir,+and+Lake+Ohrid,+thus+cutting+into+central+Albania.+The+new+state+also+gained+access+to+the+Aegean+Sea+at+the+port+of+Kavalla.+The+new+state+also+gained+access+to+the+Aegean+Sea+at+the+port+of+Kavalla.+The+Bulgarians,+moreover,+would+have+their+own+administration+and+militia+and+would+select+their+own+prince,+subject+to+Great+Power+approval.+The+tsar+fully+expected+this+new,+large+state+to+fall+under+Russian+influence.+Russia+would+thus+have+gained+direct+access+to+the+Mediterranean+Sea,+bypassing+the+sea+route+past+Istanbul.&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjhuOTQ9MvcAhUJElAKHc7dC0AQ6AEILTAA#v=onepage&q=Then%20a%20major%20diplomatic%20earthquake%20shook%20the%20capitals%20of%20Europe.%20On%203%20March%201878%2C%20the%20tsar%20forced%20the%20sultan%20to%20sign%20the%20Treaty%20of%20San%20Stefano.%20Rather%20than%20return%20to%20the%20status%20quo%20or%20impose%20minor%20modifications%20in%20territory%2C%20Alexander%20decided%20to%20establish%20Russia's%20paramount%20position%20in%20the%20Balkans.%20He%20compelled%20the%20sultan%20to%20accept%20the%20creation%20of%20a%20large%2C%20autonomous%20Bulgarian%20principality%20of%20some%20five%20million%20inhabitants.%20Bulgaria%20would%20extend%20its%20control%20from%20the%20Black%20Sea%20to%20as%20far%20west%20as%20Debre%2C%20Gorice%2C%20Kalkandelen%20(Tetovo)%2C%20Manastir%2C%20and%20Lake%20Ohrid%2C%20thus%20cutting%20into%20central%20Albania.%20The%20new%20state%20also%20gained%20access%20to%20the%20Aegean%20Sea%20at%20the%20port%20of%20Kavalla.%20The%20new%20state%20also%20gained%20access%20to%20the%20Aegean%20Sea%20at%20the%20port%20of%20Kavalla.%20The%20Bulgarians%2C%20moreover%2C%20would%20have%20their%20own%20administration%20and%20militia%20and%20would%20select%20their%20own%20prince%2C%20subject%20to%20Great%20Power%20approval.%20The%20tsar%20fully%20expected%20this%20new%2C%20large%20state%20to%20fall%20under%20Russian%20influence.%20Russia%20would%20thus%20have%20gained%20direct%20access%20to%20the%20Mediterranean%20Sea%2C%20bypassing%20the%20sea%20route%20past%20Istanbul.&f=false]

The Great Powers, particularly England and Austria-Hungary, refused to accept the provisions of the San Stefano Treaty which were injurious to their interests. After some negotiations, on June 13, 1878, a meeting of their representatives opened at Berlin—the Congress of Berlin—to consider revision of the Treaty. Afraid of forthcoming decisions detrimental to the territorial integrity of their country, Albanian leaders met at Prizren, a city in Kosovo, and created at the beginning of June the "Albanian League for the Defense of the Rights of the Albanian Nation," often called the League of Prizren. This action met with the support of the Turkish Government. It was hoped that Albanians might thus exert some pressure on the Great Powers to reconsider the whole Near Eastern question and impress them with the dangers of the discords which would result from further extension of the privileges of the Balkan states. Leften Stavros Stavrianos [https://books.google.si/books?id=xcp7OXQE0FMC&pg=PA502&lpg=PA502&dq=Meanwhile+the+Albanians+at+home+remained+asleep+until+awakened+by+a+shock+from+the+outside.+This+took+the+form+of+the+San+Stefano+and+Berlin+treaties+concluded+at+the+end+of+the+Russo-Turkish+War+of+1877-1878.+The+San+Stefano+Treaty+gave+extensive+lands+to+Serbia,+Montenegro,+and+Bulgaria+which+Albanian+nationalists+regarded+as+their+own.+As+described+in+Chapter+21,+the+Western+powers+were+not+satisfied+with+the+terms+of+San+Stefano+and+they+called+the+Berlin+Congress+(June+13-July+13,+1878)+to+consider+a+new+settlement.+The+Albanian+leaders+of+the+period,+being+apprehensive+of+the+decisions+that+might+be+made,+organized+on+July+1+the+%E2%80%9CAlbanian+League+for+the+Defense+of+the+Rights+of+the+Albanian+Nation.%E2%80%9D+The+aim+of+the+League+was+twofold,+to+%E2%80%9Cresist+until+death%E2%80%9D+any+attempt+to+annex+Albanian+territory,+and+to+obtain+an+autonomous+status+within+the+Ottoman+Empire.&source=bl&ots=ZPCk3VhspB&sig=HYaUFu4yt_hPdnY19XNF-H3tSJA&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwih8Onqq5LdAhWSY1AKHaM8CdsQ6AEwAHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=Meanwhile%20the%20Albanians%20at%20home%20remained%20asleep%20until%20awakened%20by%20a%20shock%20from%20the%20outside.%20This%20took%20the%20form%20of%20the%20San%20Stefano%20and%20Berlin%20treaties%20concluded%20at%20the%20end%20of%20the%20Russo-Turkish%20War%20of%201877-1878.%20The%20San%20Stefano%20Treaty%20gave%20extensive%20lands%20to%20Serbia%2C%20Montenegro%2C%20and%20Bulgaria%20which%20Albanian%20nationalists%20regarded%20as%20their%20own.%20As%20described%20in%20Chapter%2021%2C%20the%20Western%20powers%20were%20not%20satisfied%20with%20the%20terms%20of%20San%20Stefano%20and%20they%20called%20the%20Berlin%20Congress%20(June%2013-July%2013%2C%201878)%20to%20consider%20a%20new%20settlement.%20The%20Albanian%20leaders%20of%20the%20period%2C%20being%20apprehensive%20of%20the%20decisions%20that%20might%20be%20made%2C%20organized%20on%20July%201%20the%20%E2%80%9CAlbanian%20League%20for%20the%20Defense%20of%20the%20Rights%20of%20the%20Albanian%20Nation.%E2%80%9D%20The%20aim%20of%20the%20League%20was%20twofold%2C%20to%20%E2%80%9Cresist%20until%20death%E2%80%9D%20any%20attempt%20to%20annex%20Albanian%20territory%2C%20and%20to%20obtain%20an%20autonomous%20status%20within%20the%20Ottoman%20Empire.&f=false]

In spite of that, pleads of the Albanians remained unheard by the Great Powers. The Albanian League sent a lobbyist delegation to represent its interests at the Berlin Congress, but the host of the Congress, Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, decisively refused to accept them. Reportedly, Bismarck said that  'Albania is merely a geographic expression; there is no Albanian nation.'  He also added to this that  'if there were such a thing as an Albanian nationality in North Albania, "the sooner, in the interests of civilization, it was stamped out the better." For Bismarck, the Albanians were Turks. D. Dauti [https://books.google.si/books?id=aIXgDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&lpg=PA82&dq=The+Albanian+question+was+not+discussed+as+a+separate+or+independent+issue+during+the+Congress+of+Berlin.+None+of+the+Great+Powers+had+brought+it+to+the+agenda.+The+Albanian+League,+which+had+formed+in+June+1878+to+present+the+Albanian+national+cause,+had+sent+a+delegation+to+Berlin,+but+German+Minister+President+Otto+von+Bismarck+(1815%E2%80%9398),+the+head+of+the+Congress,+had+refused+to+meet+them.+The+memorandum+that+the+Albanian+League+had+sent+to+the+British+Prime+Minister,+Benjamin+Disraeli+(1804%E2%80%9381),+had+produced+no+effect+either.+The+main+point+of+the+memorandum+had+been+the+League%E2%80%99s+request+for+Albanian+independence.+It+had+specified+that+Albania+consisted+of+four+Ottoman+vilayets:+Kosovo,+Shkodra,+Manastir,+and+Janina.+In+Berlin,+thus,+the+issue+of+Albania+had+been+touched+on+only+as+a+secondary+question+in+moments+when+the+borders+of+Montenegro,+Serbia,+and+Greece+were+discussed.&source=bl&ots=8iXCtqkrqK&sig=z2hOu40jKqRmMfCp44vTCmzXKlU&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2prOs4Y_dAhUIKewKHaYkB00Q6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=The%20Albanian%20question%20was%20not%20discussed%20as%20a%20separate%20or%20independent%20issue%20during%20the%20Congress%20of%20Berlin.%20None%20of%20the%20Great%20Powers%20had%20brought%20it%20to%20the%20agenda.%20The%20Albanian%20League%2C%20which%20had%20formed%20in%20June%201878%20to%20present%20the%20Albanian%20national%20cause%2C%20had%20sent%20a%20delegation%20to%20Berlin%2C%20but%20German%20Minister%20President%20Otto%20von%20Bismarck%20(1815%E2%80%9398)%2C%20the%20head%20of%20the%20Congress%2C%20had%20refused%20to%20meet%20them.%20The%20memorandum%20that%20the%20Albanian%20League%20had%20sent%20to%20the%20British%20Prime%20Minister%2C%20Benjamin%20Disraeli%20(1804%E2%80%9381)%2C%20had%20produced%20no%20effect%20either.%20The%20main%20point%20of%20the%20memorandum%20had%20been%20the%20League%E2%80%99s%20request%20for%20Albanian%20independence.%20It%20had%20specified%20that%20Albania%20consisted%20of%20four%20Ottoman%20vilayets%3A%20Kosovo%2C%20Shkodra%2C%20Manastir%2C%20and%20Janina.%20In%20Berlin%2C%20thus%2C%20the%20issue%20of%20Albania%20had%20been%20touched%20on%20only%20as%20a%20secondary%20question%20in%20moments%20when%20the%20borders%20of%20Montenegro%2C%20Serbia%2C%20and%20Greece%20were%20discussed.&f=false]

It thenceforth became mandatory for Albanians to demonstrate that they are a nation too, distinct from Greeks, Slavs and especially Turks.[Lubonja] The Albanian elite thereafter, especially the Istanbul group, embarked on a public relations campaign to gain understanding, sympathy and support for the Albanian cause. Two of the most productive Albanian intellectuals in this regard were Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri and Vasa Efendi. Their target audiences naturally included fellow Albanians, the Great Powers, and the Ottoman government, but they also sought to inform the European public and other Ottomans. To reach these diverse target groups, these Albanian nationalists relied upon all the major European languages as well as Albanian and Ottoman for their messages. Petitions, newspaper articles, books, interviews, and oral discussions formed the conduit for the dissemination of information and argumentation.

Here the myths of Iskander Beg and the hypothesis of the ancient origin of Albanians come into play. Đurađ Kastriotić - Iskander Beg was a legendary commander and noblemen who successfully resisted the Ottomans for twenty-five years (1443-1468). With such noteworthy historical personage presented as their national hero, the Champion of Christendom, as proclaimed by Pope Nicholas V, the Albanians could hope to elicit sympathy among the Great Powers. By the same token, the theory of the Pelasgian origin of Albanians became prominent not only because it served to justify the ancient and autochthonous character of the Albanian nation, which made Albanians the only rightful owners of Albania, but also proved their superiority towards their neighbours and Turks as well. Both the myth of the antiquity of the Albanian nation and the myth of Iskander Beg intended to make Western powers aware that Albanians had a historical right to live as independent in their lands. This theme would permeate all Albanian publications in diaspora or inside Ottoman borders. Piro Misha [https://books.google.si/books?id=DfahkLLXvtsC&pg=PA42&dq=As+with+any+other+people,+the+myth+of+origin,+or+ethnogenesis,+was+of+special+importance+for+Albanian+nationalist+writers.+At+first,+these+forefathers+were+the+mythical+Pelasgians.+But+gradually,+while+the+Albanian+national+movement+matured,+the+romantic+Pelasgian+theory+and+others+were+replaced+by+the+theory+of+Illyrian+descent,+which+was+more+convincing+because+it+was+supported+by+a+number+of+scholars.+The+Illyrian+descent+theory+soon+became+one+of+the+principal+pillars+of+Albanian+nationalism+because+of+its+importance+as+evidence+of+Albanian+historical+continuity+in+Kosovo,+as+well+as+in+the+south+of+Albania,+i.e.+in+the+areas+contested+by+Serbs+or+Greeks.+At+the+same+time+the+almost+700-year-long+Byzantine+patrimony,+in+spite+of+the+fact+that+the+Albanian+national+symbol+itself,+the+fifteenth-century+Kastrioti+emblem,+14+derived+fiom+it,+was+almost+never+mentioned+because+of+the+associations+it+carried+with+Orthodoxy+in+a+country+where+the+majority+of+the+population+had+become+Muslim.&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-9cKu1pTdAhXusaQKHXywAegQ6AEILTAA#v=onepage&q=As%20with%20any%20other%20people%2C%20the%20myth%20of%20origin%2C%20or%20ethnogenesis%2C%20was%20of%20special%20importance%20for%20Albanian%20nationalist%20writers.%20At%20first%2C%20these%20forefathers%20were%20the%20mythical%20Pelasgians.%20But%20gradually%2C%20while%20the%20Albanian%20national%20movement%20matured%2C%20the%20romantic%20Pelasgian%20theory%20and%20others%20were%20replaced%20by%20the%20theory%20of%20Illyrian%20descent%2C%20which%20was%20more%20convincing%20because%20it%20was%20supported%20by%20a%20number%20of%20scholars.%20The%20Illyrian%20descent%20theory%20soon%20became%20one%20of%20the%20principal%20pillars%20of%20Albanian%20nationalism%20because%20of%20its%20importance%20as%20evidence%20of%20Albanian%20historical%20continuity%20in%20Kosovo%2C%20as%20well%20as%20in%20the%20south%20of%20Albania%2C%20i.e.%20in%20the%20areas%20contested%20by%20Serbs%20or%20Greeks.%20At%20the%20same%20time%20the%20almost%20700-year-long%20Byzantine%20patrimony%2C%20in%20spite%20of%20the%20fact%20that%20the%20Albanian%20national%20symbol%20itself%2C%20the%20fifteenth-century%20Kastrioti%20emblem%2C%2014%20derived%20fiom%20it%2C%20was%20almost%20never%20mentioned%20because%20of%20the%20associations%20it%20carried%20with%20Orthodoxy%20in%20a%20country%20where%20the%20majority%20of%20the%20population%20had%20become%20Muslim.&f=false], quote:"This situation, of general identity and territorial insecurity, brought about the creation of the League of Prizren, a political-mi1itary organisation, which marked the transformation of the hitherto romantic national movement into a real political national movement, with an Albanian nationalist ideology... Until then the main preoccupation of Albanian patriots was to identify and collect evidence proving that Albanians were a culturally distinct nation; until then they tried to legitimize the historical right of the Albanians to be considered a nation, discovering or often inventing facts to justify their claims historically, a process that was increasingly taking on the features of the rediscovery of an 'ethno-history'. Now the creation of the League of Prizren transformed all this into a nationalistic ideology, which accelerated the process of cultural and political fermentation that would lead not only to the creation, a few decades later, of an Albanian independent state, but which helped bring the Albanian Question to the attention of the world." Shinasi A. Rama [https://books.google.si/books?id=oJaDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95&lpg=PA95&dq=With+the+Muslim+Albanians+opposing+the+Ottomans,+the+Catholic+Albanians+looking+toward+Italy+and+Austria,+and+the+Albanian+Orthodox+discovering+Romania,+as+well+as+with+the+increasing+awareness+that+the+Great+European+powers+were+not+that+friendly+to+Eastern+and+Muslim+peoples,+the+Albanian+%C3%A9lite+made+it+a+fundamental+tenet+of+its+arguments+the+claim+that+the+Albanians+were+a+European+people.+Antiquity,+religion,+history,+Skanderbeg,+and+what+not+were+brought,+though+to+little+avail,+to+argue+that+the+Albanians+were+a+European+people,+an+ancient+European+people+so+that+Europe+had+to+protect+and+defend+them+as+a+little+brother.+Some+%E2%80%9Cthinkers%E2%80%9D+even+ventured+to+argue+that+Germans+and+Albanians+were+the+same+Aryan+race+while+others,+seeking+to+please+England,+argued+that+Albanians+and+Celts+were+actually+very+close.&source=bl&ots=_3AvyeBzZW&sig=ACfU3U2aP4OfpYRVH9Ybm0-_gozQKMtjJg&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjArby_s5jiAhULlYsKHQsCArgQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=With%20the%20Muslim%20Albanians%20opposing%20the%20Ottomans%2C%20the%20Catholic%20Albanians%20looking%20toward%20Italy%20and%20Austria%2C%20and%20the%20Albanian%20Orthodox%20discovering%20Romania%2C%20as%20well%20as%20with%20the%20increasing%20awareness%20that%20the%20Great%20European%20powers%20were%20not%20that%20friendly%20to%20Eastern%20and%20Muslim%20peoples%2C%20the%20Albanian%20%C3%A9lite%20made%20it%20a%20fundamental%20tenet%20of%20its%20arguments%20the%20claim%20that%20the%20Albanians%20were%20a%20European%20people.%20Antiquity%2C%20religion%2C%20history%2C%20Skanderbeg%2C%20and%20what%20not%20were%20brought%2C%20though%20to%20little%20avail%2C%20to%20argue%20that%20the%20Albanians%20were%20a%20European%20people%2C%20an%20ancient%20European%20people%20so%20that%20Europe%20had%20to%20protect%20and%20defend%20them%20as%20a%20little%20brother.%20Some%20%E2%80%9Cthinkers%E2%80%9D%20even%20ventured%20to%20argue%20that%20Germans%20and%20Albanians%20were%20the%20same%20Aryan%20race%20while%20others%2C%20seeking%20to%20please%20England%2C%20argued%20that%20Albanians%20and%20Celts%20were%20actually%20very%20close.&f=false]

In 1879, Vasa published a book The Truth on Albania and Albanians in French, which also appeared in German, English, Albanian, Turkish, Arabic, Italian and Greek translations. Vasa's intention with this book was to counter the verdicts of the Congress of Berlin and to aid the Albanian cause by informing the European readership about his people. At that time, the Greek irredentism posed an imminent threat as the Conference had not concluded a final decision on Greek claims on Southern Albania. Keen to present the non-Greek character of Epirus, Vasa thus attempted to punctuate the distinctiveness between the Albanians and the Greeks. One way to achieve this was by an introduction of the mythical Pelasgians as the forefathers of Albanians, who were different peoples from the Greeks, but most importantly, they were also autochthonous in the Mediterranean. The Pelasgian hypothesis was not a novelty for Vasa as it had already been in circulation in the 1860s among the Albanian diaspora in Italy. It was expounded for the first time by a German diplomat Johann Georg von Hahn in his elemental three-volume publishing in 1854. These are the foundations upon which the later Albanianists will construct the ethno-cultural identity of Albanians as a modern nation.

The League of Peć, successor of the League of Prizren, and the rivalry between Austria-Hungary and Italy

After the year of 1881, when the Turks had finally extinguished the Prizren League, the Albanians have entered into a relatively peaceful period. Even though the League itself did not fulfil its ultimate mission, that is, the unification of the four vilayets, it nevertheless managed to attract the interest of the Great powers. Two main protagonists of the Great Powers, which took the lead in supporting the Albanian cause, were Austria-Hungary and Italy. Austria-Hungary has, politically and financially supported by Germany, sought to curb the traditional Russian policy of supporting the national movements in the Balkans and thereof beat a path to Germanic penetration towards the East (Drang nach Osten = Drive to the East). Her primary strategical objectives were the ports of Vlora and Drač as well as access to the Salonika Bay. For Italy, on the other hand, the Albanian question reduced itself to the port of Vlora and the island of Sasseno, upon which her security and freedom in the Adriatic depended. Each of these two powers thus rushed to secure a privileged position and raise their prestige among Albanians by building schools, hospitals, welfare institutions, by opening commercial offices, post offices, consular offices, etc. By 1897, the two parties had also reached an agreement, according to which Albania was either to become an autonomous province within the Turkish Empire or an independent principality under the protectorate of the Great Powers. Stavro Skendi, Quote:"In February 1897, while the Cretan war was going on, the Austro-Hungarian government took under study the future of the Ottoman empire... Although the Monarchy regarded the preservation of the status quo of Turkey as the best foundation for the maintenance of peace, it could not neglect preparations for the time when internal disturbances would terminate Turkish domination in Europe and give rise to new state formations. The Monarchy was concerned above all that its position should not be jeopardized by changes in the vicinity of its frontiers. It would be dangerous if Serbia or Bulgaria extended their boundaries as far as the Adriatic, or if Italy, to the detriment of Austria-Hungary's maritime position and freedom of movement, occupied the eastern coast of the Adriatic, from which she could threaten Dalmatia and its hinterland. 'From this point of view,' Goluchowski argued, 'present Albania is for us of extreme particular importance. Austria-Hungary has a vital interest that this land should not fall under a foreign influence, and as we don't intend ourselves to occupy Albania, so we are decided to favor, in case of a breakdown of the Turkish empire, the creation of a separate, autonomous Albania, at all events under a foreign prince, yet under our own protectorate.'... It is evident that already before the meeting of November 1897 at Monza between Goluchowski and Rudini, the Italian Premier, accompanied by Visconti Venosta, the government of the Dual Monarchy had made up its mind on the policy to be followed with respect to Albania. The same was true about the Italian government. When Goluchowski told the Italian statesmen at Monza that the Austrian government had no thought of occupying Albania but was at the same time determined not to permit another power to set foot on Albanian soil, he found Visconti Venosta ready to assure him that Italy, too, had no intention of conquering Albania. The two parties then agreed that, if Turkey lost Macedonia, they would constitute Albania either as a 'privileged province' within the framework of the Turkish empire or would raise her to an independent principality... While the question of Macedonian reforms was encountering great difficulties, Aehrenthal announced (January 27, 1908) the plan for the construction of the railway line Sarajevo-Uvac-Mitrovicë-Salonica. This would give a powerful impetus to Austria-Hungary's Orientpolitik. Italy responded with a project to build a railway line from Vlorë to Monastir, following for the most part the ancient Via Egnatia. This would be dangerous for Austria-Hungary for it would establish for Italy a sphere of interest in southern Albania, which could be 'perhaps the forerunner of an occupation.' Neither plan materialized because of the Young Turk revolution of 1908... For Italy the Albanian question reduced itself to the port of Vlorë and the island of Sasseno, which controlled the Strait of Otranto, upon which her security and freedom in the Adriatic depended... Austria-Hungary, on the other hand, while desiring that Durrës and Vlorë be in Albania's possession so that she could enjoy freedom of action in the Adriatic, was also interested in Albania as a non-Slavic country, which could be used as a check against slavism. The size of Albania was not immaterial to her. She wanted the northern part at least to be within the Albanian state, for in this way the exit of the Slavs to the Adriatic would be blocked." Kurt Gostentschnigg [https://books.google.si/books?id=V9FBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=Gem%C3%A4%C3%9F+der+albanischen+kommunistischen+Geschichtsschreibung+versuchte+die+%C3%B6sterreichisch-+ungarische+Diplomatie+seit+dem+Berliner+Kongress,+einen+st%C3%A4ndigen+Einfluss+auf+die+albanische+Nationalbewegung+auszu%C3%BCben.+Je+nach+Bedarf+unterst%C3%BCtzte+sie+entweder+die+Albanische+Liga+von+Prizren+oder+das+Osmanische+Reich.+Nach+der+Unterdr%C3%BCckung+der+Albanischen+Liga+ging+die+Doppelmonarchie+zu+einer+Politik+des+Status+Quo+%C3%BCber,+welche+f%C3%BCr+ihre+%E2%80%9Efriedliche+Penetration%E2%80%9C+in+die+albanischen+Territorien+am+g%C3%BCnstigsten+war.20+In+der+Tat,+seit+1896+war+ihr+Ziel,+einen+albanischen+Staat+als+Bastion+gegen+die+serbisch-montenegrinische+und+italienische+Expansion+zu+etablieren.+21+F%C3%BCr+den+Fall+des+Zusammenbruchs+des+Osmanischen+Reichs+im+Zuge+der+Kreta-Krise+und+des+Griechisch-Osmanischen+Kriegs+1896/1897+rief+Wien+die+sogenannte+%E2%80%9EAlbanien-Aktion%E2%80%9C+ins+Leben,+deren+Ziel+darin+bestand,+ein+Protektorat+%C3%BCber+die+albanischen+Territorien+unter+Beibehaltung+der+osmanischen+Oberhoheit+zu+errichten+und+mittels+des+westlichen+Sandschaks+von+Novipazar+einen+Keil+zwischen+Montenegro+und+Serbien+zu+treiben.22+Von+diesem+Plan+wurde+allerdings+nur+der+letzte+Teil+realisiert.&source=bl&ots=KWbAE3sVIr&sig=ydXOYiy9mede_mVHRX93DzPpMhA&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi_t5yU0ureAhWJAhAIHXzVBZQQ6AEwAHoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Gem%C3%A4%C3%9F%20der%20albanischen%20kommunistischen%20Geschichtsschreibung%20versuchte%20die%20%C3%B6sterreichisch-%20ungarische%20Diplomatie%20seit%20dem%20Berliner%20Kongress%2C%20einen%20st%C3%A4ndigen%20Einfluss%20auf%20die%20albanische%20Nationalbewegung%20auszu%C3%BCben.%20Je%20nach%20Bedarf%20unterst%C3%BCtzte%20sie%20entweder%20die%20Albanische%20Liga%20von%20Prizren%20oder%20das%20Osmanische%20Reich.%20Nach%20der%20Unterdr%C3%BCckung%20der%20Albanischen%20Liga%20ging%20die%20Doppelmonarchie%20zu%20einer%20Politik%20des%20Status%20Quo%20%C3%BCber%2C%20welche%20f%C3%BCr%20ihre%20%E2%80%9Efriedliche%20Penetration%E2%80%9C%20in%20die%20albanischen%20Territorien%20am%20g%C3%BCnstigsten%20war.20%20In%20der%20Tat%2C%20seit%201896%20war%20ihr%20Ziel%2C%20einen%20albanischen%20Staat%20als%20Bastion%20gegen%20die%20serbisch-montenegrinische%20und%20italienische%20Expansion%20zu%20etablieren.%2021%20F%C3%BCr%20den%20Fall%20des%20Zusammenbruchs%20des%20Osmanischen%20Reichs%20im%20Zuge%20der%20Kreta-Krise%20und%20des%20Griechisch-Osmanischen%20Kriegs%201896%2F1897%20rief%20Wien%20die%20sogenannte%20%E2%80%9EAlbanien-Aktion%E2%80%9C%20ins%20Leben%2C%20deren%20Ziel%20darin%20bestand%2C%20ein%20Protektorat%20%C3%BCber%20die%20albanischen%20Territorien%20unter%20Beibehaltung%20der%20osmanischen%20Oberhoheit%20zu%20errichten%20und%20mittels%20des%20westlichen%20Sandschaks%20von%20Novipazar%20einen%20Keil%20zwischen%20Montenegro%20und%20Serbien%20zu%20treiben.22%20Von%20diesem%20Plan%20wurde%20allerdings%20nur%20der%20letzte%20Teil%20realisiert.&f=false]

By exerting Kultusprotektorat policy (religious protectorate) over the Catholic population of the Ottoman Balkans, the Dual Monarchy had commenced its gradual penetration into northern Albania. The backward socio-cultural situation in Albania offered Austria-Hungary with an opportunity for a broader political activity in that area. At that time the Albanians were divided into three religious groups, spoke different dialects, used different alphabets, had opposed political traditions and different social statuses. In order to minimise these differences, Vienna launched some important cultural initiatives: books about Albanian history were printed and distributed, the national coat-of-arms was invented, and various grammars were written to promote a uniform Albanian language. Isa Blumi [https://books.google.si/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55&dq=Albanian+territories+are+not+cleanly+delineated+cultural+domains.+Gheg+regions+in+the+north+were+exposed+to+a+whole+list+of+contradictory+pressures+which+often+led+to+their+identification+as+distinctive+political+entities+by+all+parties+involved.+Unfortunately,+probably+due+to+Enver+Hoxha%E2%80%99s+persecution+of+Catholics+after+the+Second+World+War,+the+role+of+Austrian+and+Italian+schools+in+the+preparation+of+an+Albanian+intelligentsia+has+yet+to+be+fully+explored.+What+we+do+know+is+that+imperial+interests,+primarily+Italian+and+Austrian,+used+their+increasing+strength+to+implement+long-term+imperial+strategies,+such+as+the+Kultusprotektorat,+to+pursue+a+mission+of+civilisation+and+culture+for+Catholic+areas+in+the+Ottoman+Balkans.&source=bl&ots=7uUbNfjHbx&sig=ACfU3U25fk40PCuLmAAf5LV-WmmNxVYKOA&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgsZD8vfffAhUEdxoKHfhUA5oQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=Albanian%20territories%20are%20not%20cleanly%20delineated%20cultural%20domains.%20Gheg%20regions%20in%20the%20north%20were%20exposed%20to%20a%20whole%20list%20of%20contradictory%20pressures%20which%20often%20led%20to%20their%20identification%20as%20distinctive%20political%20entities%20by%20all%20parties%20involved.%20Unfortunately%2C%20probably%20due%20to%20Enver%20Hoxha%E2%80%99s%20persecution%20of%20Catholics%20after%20the%20Second%20World%20War%2C%20the%20role%20of%20Austrian%20and%20Italian%20schools%20in%20the%20preparation%20of%20an%20Albanian%20intelligentsia%20has%20yet%20to%20be%20fully%20explored.%20What%20we%20do%20know%20is%20that%20imperial%20interests%2C%20primarily%20Italian%20and%20Austrian%2C%20used%20their%20increasing%20strength%20to%20implement%20long-term%20imperial%20strategies%2C%20such%20as%20the%20Kultusprotektorat%2C%20to%20pursue%20a%20mission%20of%20civilisation%20and%20culture%20for%20Catholic%20areas%20in%20the%20Ottoman%20Balkans.&f=false]

To this end Vienna had launched a "programme of action" by which she was to strengthen and consolidate ethnic consciousness among Albanians.

Approximately fifteen years after the crushing of the Prizren league, this relatively peaceful period became seriously disturbed by the Greek revolt on Crete. The same way as Albanians had resisted to give up certain territories in favour of the Christian Balkan states after the Congress of Berlin, the same way after the Greco-Turkish war, feeling frustration due to the outcome and their role in it, they resolved to take over the protection of the borders of the Ottoman empire. And as the Albanians had gathered in Prizren during the Congress of Berlin, with an intention to exert pressure on its participants, so they gathered in Peć during the First Peace Conference at the Hague in 1899.

https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0038-6073-2014-3-317/the-beautiful-blue-danube-and-the-accursed-black-mountain-wreath-german-and-austrian-kulturpolitik-of-knowledge-on-southeast-europe-and-albania-jahrgang-65-2014-heft-3?page=0

Şemseddin Sami Fraşeri (1850-1904) was the youngest of the Frashëri brothers which played an exceptionally important role in the political and cultural life of Albania during the national revival period. After acquiring basic knowledge in the madrasa of his birth town in Frashër, he finished the Greek Zossimea gymnasium in Ioannina. He moved to Istanbul in 1872 where he worked in the state press service. Later he became editor-in-chief of various Turkish newspapers, wrote novels in Turkish, drama and the popular science articles devoted to the natural history thematics. Meanwhile, he is also a writer of the entire corpus of the school books in Albanian. His most important work in the Albanian language is undoubtedly a political essay of programmatic type ''Albania. What It Was, What It Is and What Will Become of It? Reflections on Saving the Motherland from Perils which Beset It'' (Shqipëria. Ç’ka qënë, ç’është e ç’do të bëhetë? Mendime për shpëtimt të mëmë dheut nga reziket që e kanë rethuarë). The work first appeared in Bucharest in 1899, having several publishings, and had also been translated into German (A. Traxler, Vienna & Leipzig, 1913). This work, which even today evokes polemics (Turkish scholars state it was not written by Sami Frashëri), can be regarded as a political manifestation of the entire Albanian national movement.

In the first part, Frashëri presents the apothesis of the Albanian past and says that the Albanians are the oldest nation of Europe, they were the first to build houses and to cultivate the soil. Forebearers of the present-day Albanians are, according to him, same as the forebearers of Pelasgians from which arose Illyrians, Epirots, Macedonians, and the Phrygians. This '' 'so old and historically so intriguing and noteworthy nation was numerous and tenacious. Southeastern Europe, entire Balkan Peninsula and the Danubian lands, therefore present-day Rumania and Hungary, islands of the Mediterranean Sea and the Asia Minor were settled by the old Arnauts.' '' During the period of the migrations of Slavs parts of the Albanian populace became slavicised; Bosnians and Dalmatians, and especially Montenegrins, are more Albanian than Slavic. Under the Turkish rule, the Albanians are taking the primacy; many of them held high-ranking positions in the army and the government.'' 'That is why the Ottomans and the Arnauts functioned so well in the community in which they found themselves. Because, if everything that the Arnauts loved—wealth, esteem, weapons, horses, booty and freedom—found at the Turks; and everything that the Turks needed—courage, loyalty, the fearlessness of death—found at the Arnauts.' Albanians were, according to Frashëri, always working for the others, never for themselves. 'Numerous deeds of great importance were accomplished by the Arnauts; yet, other nations have always bragged with these famous peoples, and they still brag even today. The Greeks regard Pyrrhus and Alexander the Great as theirs!' Albanians have, by his words, also celebrated themselves in science because  'the greatest philosopher of the Old Greece, Aristotle, is not Greek, but Albanian.' '' Only Iskander Beg had been working to the interests of Albania itself.

In the second part, Sami Frashëri analyses the current situation of Albanians. By comparing their earlier status, when conditions were favourable for them, he concludes that the Turks are treating them as slaves after the introduction of the reforms. The Albanians comprised half of the Turkish army, but they gave only a bit more than one percent of the officers' staff. And while Albania had been managed by Albanians earlier, it is now being administered the peoples who have bought their positions with money in Istanbul, and now they loot the country. The Albanians are surrounded by the enemies who wish to partition their land and distribute it amongst themselves. In pursuit of that goal, they also exploit religion 'in order to lure them to their side by means of faith'. Frashëri thereafter brings forward that the Turks also desire to pull away Muslim Albanians from their Christian countrymen, but that this was not wise of them to do because by objecting to the opening of Albanian schools and printing and distribution of the publishings in Albanian, they are in fact working for the Greeks and the Slavs, therefore to the benefits of their own foes.'' 'These are the dangers for Albania and Albanese. They need to protect themselves from the satanical intentions of Turkey, Greece and Slavs and they need to insist on destroying them; they need to be united against them.' ''

In the third part of his essay, Frashëri develops the program for the salvation of the homeland for which he thinks will perish together with the Ottoman Empire. Turkish empire, he reckons, does not have any future on the European soil. For Albania, this poses a great peril given that it is not yet an independent state. 'She stands on the rotten foundations of Turkey and feeds itself from the same roots as her. With the destruction of this great debris, Albania will also become demolished and buried under the great wreckage.' The Albanians, meanwhile, should not be brought to ruins together with the Turks. They are not Turks and do not descend from the Asiatic nations, but are instead the oldest nation of Europe. They should separate from Turks because 'the dead has to be buried, regardless of how much we love him.' In an answer to the question on what way can Albania evade the certain fate of Turkey, Frashëri thinks that the Albanians need to unite, to terminate the blood-vengeance between themselves and direct all of their efforts for the freedom of Albania. The objective is first a complete autonomy under the Turkish supreme authority. 'We wish to stay under the Turkish sovereignty as long as the European Turkey exists and as long as it is not destroyed and banished we by no means and never want to separate from her.' He finds it necessary for the preservation of the Albanian nation that every Albanian is able to read and write in its own language and that the Albanian Christians should free themselves from the dependency of the Greek church by establishing a national church with Albanian as its formal language.

Frashëri afterwards gives detailed suggestions on how the future independent Albanian state should look like: on its front should not be a leader, but a council of the elders. As the centre from which it will be managed, there should be formed a new city in the central part of the country and named  'Skenderbegas'  and its inhabitants should present a mixture of all of the Albanian tribes. The general military service from 20 to 60 years is also expected, general education from seventh to the thirteenth year, a formation of two Universities, the construction of Albanian railroad network, municipal self-government, religious communities need to become independent from those abroad.

Vasa Efendi

http://www.kulturevreni.com/22-56.pdf

http://www.mcser.org/journal/index.php/mjss/article/view/1053/1083

https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/seeur.2014.10.issue-1/seeur-2014-0005/seeur-2014-0005.pdf

http://operationkosovo.kentlaw.edu/symposium/resources/collaku-My%20Disertation_files/image027.gif http://www.robinsonlibrary.com/history/history/worldwar1/graphics/balkans.gif http://global-politics.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Greater-Albania-2.jpg

At the insistence of Enver Hoxha, Albanian linguists and philologists connected the Albanian language, unlike any other in Europe, to the extinct language of the Illyrians. Physical anthropologists sought to prove that Albanians were biologically distinct from other Indo-European populations. Ethnographers were supposed to provide arguments for the autochthony of Albanian culture. When Enver Hoxha declared that their origin was Illyrian (without denying their Pelasgian roots) no one dared to participate in further discussion of the question. During the communist era, literary and artistic activity as well as academic studies (especially historical and linguistic studies) all adhered to this pattern. The border between science and propaganda was extremely evanescent in Albania during Hoxha’s regime. Together with the scientific archaeological production, several books were also published with the clear intent of illustrating Albanian ethnogenesis to a larger public of non-Albanians.Michael L. Galaty; Charles Watkinson: Archaeology under dictatorship (2004), Quote:"Hoxha also emphasized the autochthonous ethnogenesis of the Albanians, tracing their origins to the ancient Illyrians (cf. Slapsak and Novakovic, 1996:269–272 for examples of the political appropriation of “Illyrian” archaeology and history by the Slovenian state). At his insistence, Albanian linguists and philologists connected the Albanian language, unlike any other in Europe, to the extinct language of the Illyrians. Physical anthropologists sought to prove that Albanians were biologically distinct from other Indo-European populations (now dis-proved through genetic analysis; see Belledi et al., 2000). Money poured into the Albanian Academy of Science, specifically earmarked for investigations of Illyrian archaeology (Miraj and Zeqo, 1993). The developing archaeological framework, sanctioned and enforced by the Hoxha government, made clear that the ancestors of modernday Albanians had once possessed a unique culture and, more importantly, had controlled a large and unified territory. Under Hoxha, Albanian archaeologists argued that southern Albanian Iron Age urban centers, often indistinguishable from Greek-style poleis, were in reality wholly Illyrian, and that more often than not, Greeks were the beneficiaries of Illyrian ideas and innovations, as opposed to the other way around. For example, the names of the majority of Greek gods and goddesses were said to stem from Illyrian, not Greek, root words... However, as a new political economy developed in Albania, politicians (some of them archaeologists) found that the Hoxha regime’s take on the past was in fact a very useful one (cf. Chernykh, 1995 for similarities to modern Russia). Because it was intended to help build an Albanian national identity, it could serve the same purpose in a capitalist democracy that it had in a communist dictatorship. However, in the dangerous environment of the post-communist Balkans, building a national identity might easily slide into nationalism and in- flammatory calls for territorial expansion (cf. Slapsak and Novakovic, 1996). For Albanians, the connection between nationalistic politics and archaeology is especially strong in Kosovo, a region of Serbia nominally claimed by Albania, and in southern Albania, a part of Albania claimed by Greece, so-called “Northern Epirus.” In 2001 and 2002, teams of Albanian archaeologists from Tirana traveled to Kosovo to undertake archaeological research, but the trips might more accurately be seen as a political statement: “We, Albanians, now control Kosovo’s past.” Ethnic Albanian scholars from Kosovo also attended the recent international symposium “Archaeological Year 2002” held in Tirana, Albania. Their Albanian colleagues, having escaped dictatorship in 1991, tutored them on the difficulties of the transition to democracy, often referring to the new “nation” of Kosovo. In these situations, Albanian archaeology, especially archaeological interpretations of the Illyrians, are often (though, not always) applied uncritically and in general are still not open to serious debate. As the Croatian scholar Predrag Matvejevic noted—prophetically and rather matter-of-factly—in his 1987 book, published in the United States in 1999 under the title Mediterranean: A Cultural Landscape: “The multiplicity of peoples in Illyria will make for major problems when the time for nation-building comes to the Balkans” (198)." Maja Gori: [https://books.google.si/books?id=r9SYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=The+border+between+science+and+propaganda+was+extremely+evanescent+in+Albania+during+Hoxha+regime.+Together+with+the+scientific+archaeological+production,+several+books+were+also+published+with+the+clear+intent+of+illustrating+Albanian+ethnogenesis+to+a+larger+public+of+non-Albanians.+A+good+example+of+regime+book+published+in+English+by+the+prestigious+publishing+house+Routledge+for+an+international+audience+in+1981+is+The+history+of+Albania:+from+its+origins+to+the+present+day.+In+the+2nd+chapter+From+the+Illyrians+to+the+Albanians,+Slav+tribes+barbaric+invasions+in+the+Balkans+are+described.+Towards+the+end+of+the+book,+the+Greater+Albania+concept+finds+its+place:+since+in+New+Epirus,+Ancient+Epirus,+Prevalitania+and+Dardania+the+Illyrian+population+must+have+been+preponderant+and+compact+if+one+considers+that+the+descendants+of+the+Illyrians,+the+present+Albanians,+came+from+these+provinces.59+However,+this+book+is+not+only+interesting+fo#v=onepage&q=The%20border%20between%20science%20and%20propaganda%20was%20extremely%20evanescent%20in%20Albania%20during%20Hoxha%20regime.%20Together%20with%20the%20scientific%20archaeological%20production%2C%20several%20books%20were%20also%20published%20with%20the%20clear%20intent%20of%20illustrating%20Albanian%20ethnogenesis%20to%20a%20larger%20public%20of%20non-Albanians.%20A%20good%20example%20of%20regime%20book%20published%20in%20English%20by%20the%20prestigious%20publishing%20house%20Routledge%20for%20an%20international%20audience%20in%201981%20is%20The%20history%20of%20Albania%3A%20from%20its%20origins%20to%20the%20present%20day.%20In%20the%202nd%20chapter%20From%20the%20Illyrians%20to%20the%20Albanians%2C%20Slav%20tribes%20barbaric%20invasions%20in%20the%20Balkans%20are%20described.%20Towards%20the%20end%20of%20the%20book%2C%20the%20Greater%20Albania%20concept%20finds%20its%20place%3A%20since%20in%20New%20Epirus%2C%20Ancient%20Epirus%2C%20Prevalitania%20and%20Dardania%20the%20Illyrian%20population%20must%20have%20been%20preponderant%20and%20compact%20if%20one%20considers%20that%20the%20descendants%20of%20the%20Illyrians%2C%20the%20present%20Albanians%2C%20came%20from%20these%20provinces.59%20However%2C%20this%20book%20is%20not%20only%20interesting%20fo&f=false Illyrians Across the Adriatic: A Cultural History of an Archaeological Culture, In Search of Pre-Classical Antiquity: Rediscovering Ancient Peoples in Mediterranean Europe (19th and 20th c.), 2016], pp 119-145, quote:"The border between science and propaganda was extremely evanescent in Albania during Hoxha’s regime. Together with the scientific archaeological production, several books were also published with the clear intent of illustrating Albanian ethnogenesis to a larger public of non-Albanians. A good example of regime book published in English by the prestigious publishing house Routledge for an international audience in 1981 is The history of Albania: from its origins to the present day. In the 2nd chapter From the Illyrians to the Albanians, Slav tribes barbaric invasions in the Balkans are described. Towards the end of the book, the Greater Albania concept finds its place: since in New Epirus, Ancient Epirus, Prevalitania and Dardania the Illyrian population must have been preponderant and compact if one considers that the descendants of the Illyrians, the present Albanians, came from these provinces.59 However, this book is not only interesting for the Greater Albania concept and the evident anti-Slav tones."

The 'Illyrian argument' was debated between Albania and Yugoslavia on a scientiﬁc level too. The milestone of the scientific dispute on the Illyrian-Albanian ethnogenesis is the first Colloque des Ètudes Illyriennes (Tirana, 1972) conference by the Academy of Science of the Popular Republic of Albania, and the second which was replicated in 1985. These two editions of the Colloque des Ètudes Illyriennes were directed to give scientific support through archaeology and linguistics to the ethnogenetic and autochthonist theories that consider Albanians as the only authentic direct descendants of the ancient Illyrians. What can be considered as a proper "response" was the Les Illyriens et les Albanais conference organized in 1986 by the Serb Academy of Sciences and Arts. Milutin V. Garašanin, one of the most renowned Yugoslav archaeologists, made clear in the proceedings concluding remarks the will of the Serbian Academy of Science to counteract with actual scientific arguments the Albanian propaganda, on the basis of the Illyrian discourse in Kosovo and in the other Yugoslav regions inhabited by a consistent Albanian community.

Based on these premises, on 20th of October in 1998 the Albanian Academy of Sciences issued a brochure titled: 'Platform for the Solution of the National Albanian Question,' in which they deal with the idea of the Greater Albania. There the Albanian quasi-scientists maintain that, since the Albanians are descendants of the ancient Illyrians, the "ethnic territories" of Kosovo, southern Montenegro, parts of Macedonia and Greece should be ceded to Albania with the assistance of the international community. Terzić, Slavenko: EUROPE AND THE “ORDER OF PEACE” IN THE BALKANS: THE TRIUMPH OF HISTORICAL REVANCHISM IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA, Kosovo i Metohija: prošlost, sadašnjost, budućnost / KOSOVO AND METOHIA: Past – Present – Future, pp. 61-73, quote:"Austria-Hungary’s diplomacy did the most to shape the Albanian national identity and to ground it in a pan-Illyrian base. Thanks to this, pan-Illyrism has become the ideological-historical foundation of the Great Albanian project in the 20th century. The platform of the Albanian Academy of Sciences in Tirana, published in October 1998, construes, among other things, some sort of a “historical Kosovo,” supposedly based on the ancient Dardania province, whose seat was in Skoplje, which is supposed to lead to the conclusion that the seat of so-called historical Kosovo should also be in Skoplje." Dimitri A. Sotiropoulos, Thanos Veremis: [https://books.google.si/books?hl=sl&id=NcdTAQAAQBAJ&dq=Platform+for+the+Solution+of+the+National+Albanian+Question&q=A+quasi+codification+of+Albanian+nationalist+visions+was+undertaken+by+the+Academy+of+Sciences+of+Albania+in+its+brochure%2C+%27Platform+for+the+Solution+of+the+National+Albanian+Question%27%2C+which+was+published+in+Tirana%2C+on+20+October+1998.+Official+Albanians+tried+to+distance+themselves+from+its+contents%2C+but+failed+to+disclaim+it+publicly%2F+The+fact+that+its+circulation+coincided+with+the+commencement+of+the+guerrilla+activity+of+the+then+%27phantom%27+UCK%2C+gave+rise+to+suspicions+of+interlocking+channels+of+irredentist+nationalism+between+nationalists+in+the+Republic+of+Albania+and+the+Yugoslav+province+of+Kosovo.#v=snippet&q=A%20quasi%20codification%20of%20Albanian%20nationalist%20visions%20was%20undertaken%20by%20the%20Academy%20of%20Sciences%20of%20Albania%20in%20its%20brochure%2C%20'Platform%20for%20the%20Solution%20of%20the%20National%20Albanian%20Question'%2C%20which%20was%20published%20in%20Tirana%2C%20on%2020%20October%201998.%20Official%20Albanians%20tried%20to%20distance%20themselves%20from%20its%20contents%2C%20but%20failed%20to%20disclaim%20it%20publicly%2F%20The%20fact%20that%20its%20circulation%20coincided%20with%20the%20commencement%20of%20the%20guerrilla%20activity%20of%20the%20then%20'phantom'%20UCK%2C%20gave%20rise%20to%20suspicions%20of%20interlocking%20channels%20of%20irredentist%20nationalism%20between%20nationalists%20in%20the%20Republic%20of%20Albania%20and%20the%20Yugoslav%20province%20of%20Kosovo.&f=false Is Southeastern Europe Doomed to Instability?: A Regional Perspective (2013)], quote:"The two-dimensional Kosovo war effort had also a third, 'hidden' goal which transcended the borders of Kosovo: the vision of 'Greater Albania'... A quasi codification of Albanian nationalist visions was undertaken by the Academy of Sciences of Albania in its brochure, 'Platform for the Solution of the National Albanian Question', which was published in Tirana, on 20 October 1998."

Nowadays, apart from the ongoing indoctrination of the general public through textbooks published by the Albanian educational institutions, the hypothesis of the Illyrian origin of the Albanians also gains broad popularity through public media and internet (see Wikipedia articles, for example:, , , etc.). It is consistently exploited in fueling the 'Illyrian' propaganda by the Albanian Diaspora, whose influence extends even up to the United States Congress. [https://books.google.si/books?id=BZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=This+thesis+is+repeated+time+and+time+again+by+teachers+in+order+to+inculcate+it+firmly+in+their+students%E2%80%99+minds,+and+in+textbooks+it+is+marked+in+bold.+The+%E2%80%98obsession+with+origin%E2%80%9912+goes+as+far+as+to+claim+that+the+Illyrians+had+lived+in+the+Balkans+since+the+third+millennium+B.C.+In+fact,+the+earliest+accounts+of+certain+tribes+later+designated+%E2%80%98Illyrian%E2%80%99+are+those+of+Hesiod+and+Homer,+who+lived+in+the+seventh+and+eight+centuries+B.C.,+respectively.+The+first+account+which+explicitly+mentions+Illyrians+as+a+distinct+people+appears+in+Herodotus%E2%80%99+work+from+the+fifth+century+B.C.13+It+is+worth+pointing+out+that+nowhere+in+these+textbooks+is+there+any+mention+of+the+second+common+theory+about+the+origin+of+Albanians,+ac+cording+to+which+Albanians+descend+largely+from+both+the+Illyrians+and+the+Thracians.&source=bl&ots=AABxioW2fd&sig=QSubJLZdXVw3CVZjKX5H580E-sw&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwippPDKtpHZAhWSPFAKHV_CCfcQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=This%20thesis%20is%20repeated%20time%20and%20time%20again%20by%20teachers%20in%20order%20to%20inculcate%20it%20firmly%20in%20their%20students%E2%80%99%20minds%2C%20and%20in%20textbooks%20it%20is%20marked%20in%20bold.%20The%20%E2%80%98obsession%20with%20origin%E2%80%9912%20goes%20as%20far%20as%20to%20claim%20that%20the%20Illyrians%20had%20lived%20in%20the%20Balkans%20since%20the%20third%20millennium%20B.C.%20In%20fact%2C%20the%20earliest%20accounts%20of%20certain%20tribes%20later%20designated%20%E2%80%98Illyrian%E2%80%99%20are%20those%20of%20Hesiod%20and%20Homer%2C%20who%20lived%20in%20the%20seventh%20and%20eight%20centuries%20B.C.%2C%20respectively.%20The%20first%20account%20which%20explicitly%20mentions%20Illyrians%20as%20a%20distinct%20people%20appears%20in%20Herodotus%E2%80%99%20work%20from%20the%20fifth%20century%20B.C.13%20It%20is%20worth%20pointing%20out%20that%20nowhere%20in%20these%20textbooks%20is%20there%20any%20mention%20of%20the%20second%20common%20theory%20about%20the%20origin%20of%20Albanians%2C%20ac%20cording%20to%20which%20Albanians%20descend%20largely%20from%20both%20the%20Illyrians%20and%20the%20Thracians.&f=false Myths and Mythical Spaces: Conditions and Challenges for History Textbooks in Albania and South-Eastern Europe (2017)], Durim Abdullahu, quote:"The above-cited passages make it plain that the alleged origin of Albanians (whereby they are descendent from both the Pelasgians and the Illyrians) is articulated in these textbooks without ado, through a number of simple assertions... This thesis is repeated time and time again by teachers in order to inculcate it firmly in their students’ minds, and in textbooks it is marked in bold. The ‘obsession with origin’12 goes as far as to claim that the Illyrians had lived in the Balkans since the third millennium B.C."  As an example, we can mention the lobbying organisation Albanian American Civic League, formed on the foundations of the Third Prizren League, whose members are incessantly ranting about the Illyrian ancestors of the Albanians. [https://books.google.si/books?id=YnHFBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=However,+the+Third+Prizren+League+was+set+up+in+the+United+States+already+in+1946.+Its+goal+was+the+same+as+that+of+the+First+and+the+Second+Prizren+League+-+the+creation+of+a+Greater+Albania.+The+Third+Prizren+League+used+with+Albania%27s+help+all+propaganda+means+and+acts+of+sabotage+against+Yugoslavia.+In+the+next+few+years,+the+infiltration+of+trained+terrorists+from+Albania+intensified,+while+in+Kosovo-Metohija+pressure+was+stepped+up+and+the+non-Albanian+population+began+leaving+the+province+massively,+while+Albanian+emigrants+began+streaming+into+it.&source=bl&ots=YW2kAEqo50&sig=VZEG2cTfjDuiUaYjNLsWPXEWbDc&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9kuuxz7HZAhXRZ1AKHcR1Bp8Q6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=However%2C%20the%20Third%20Prizren%20League%20was%20set%20up%20in%20the%20United%20States%20already%20in%201946.%20Its%20goal%20was%20the%20same%20as%20that%20of%20the%20First%20and%20the%20Second%20Prizren%20League%20-%20the%20creation%20of%20a%20Greater%20Albania.%20The%20Third%20Prizren%20League%20used%20with%20Albania's%20help%20all%20propaganda%20means%20and%20acts%20of%20sabotage%20against%20Yugoslavia.%20In%20the%20next%20few%20years%2C%20the%20infiltration%20of%20trained%20terrorists%20from%20Albania%20intensified%2C%20while%20in%20Kosovo-Metohija%20pressure%20was%20stepped%20up%20and%20the%20non-Albanian%20population%20began%20leaving%20the%20province%20massively%2C%20while%20Albanian%20emigrants%20began%20streaming%20into%20it.&f=false Serbia Foreign Policy and National Security Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Developments (2014)], p. 41, quote:"However, the Third Prizren League was set up in the United States already in 1946. Its goal was the same as that of the First and the Second Prizren League - the creation of a Greater Albania. The Third Prizren League used with Albania's help all propaganda means and acts of sabotage against Yugoslavia. In the next few years, the infiltration of trained terrorists from Albania intensified, while in Kosovo-Metohija pressure was stepped up and the non-Albanian population began leaving the province massively, while Albanian emigrants began streaming into it."

Arheologija Ivan Vranić: [https://books.google.si/books?id=i4FiBwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Fingerprinting+the+Iron+Age:+Approaches+to+Identity+in+the+European+Iron+Age+:+Integrating+South-Eastern+Europe+Into+the+Debate&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwijj52shP3YAhUCaFAKHVmDCG4Q6AEIJTAA#v=snippet&q=This%20nationalistic%20practice%20stands%20out%20as%20the%20most%20prominent%20case%20of%20the%20primordial%20approach%20to%20ethnicity%20in%20Europe.%20Recent%20deconstructions%20have%20pointed%20out%20that%20isolation%20and%20xenophobic%20foreign%20politics%20as%20the%20main%20%E2%80%98culprits%E2%80%99%20for%20the%20development%20of%20concept%20of%20Illyrian%2FAlbanian%20continuity%20and%20the%20construction%20of%20the%20ancient%20Illyrians%20as%20a%20%E2%80%98people%E2%80%99%20who%20successfully%20defended%20their%20freedom%20against%20%E2%80%98foreign%20enemies%E2%80%99%20like%20Greece%20and%20Rome%2C%20in%20their%20capacity%20as%20Albanian%20antecedents%20and%20mythic%20ancestors%20(Galaty%20et%20al.%201999%3B%20Galaty%20%26%20Watkinson%202004%3B%20Galaty%202011).%20A%20similar%20narrative%20is%20also%20very%20prominent%20in%20modern%20day%20Kosovo%20where%20the%20Albanian%20people%20regard%20the%20ancient%20Dardanians%20as%20their%20mythic%20ancestors.%20Local%20researchers%20constructed%20the%20image%20of%20Iron%20Age%20Dardanians%20as%20slightly%20different%2C%20but%20still%20of%20Illyrian%20ethnicity%20(e.g.%20Shukriu%201996%3B%20Mirdita%202009)%2C%20a%20position%20which%20is%20in%20accordance%20with%20the%20modern%20socio-political%20context%20of%20the%20Albanian%20people%20living%20simultaneously%20in%20Kosovo%20and%20Albania.%20Political%20parties%2C%20ba&f=false Fingerprinting the Iron Age: Approaches to identity in the European Iron Age: Integrating South-Eastern Europe into the debate], 2014, p. 168, quote:"This nationalistic practice stands out as the most prominent case of the primordial approach to ethnicity in Europe. Recent deconstructions have pointed out that isolation and xenophobic foreign politics as the main ‘culprits’ for the development of concept of Illyrian/Albanian continuity and the construction of the ancient Illyrians as a ‘people’ who successfully defended their freedom against ‘foreign enemies’ like Greece and Rome, in their capacity as Albanian antecedents and mythic ancestors (Galaty et al. 1999; Galaty & Watkinson 2004; Galaty 2011). A similar narrative is also very prominent in modern day Kosovo where the Albanian people regard the ancient Dardanians as their mythic ancestors. Local researchers constructed the image of Iron Age Dardanians as slightly different, but still of Illyrian ethnicity (e.g. Shukriu 1996; Mirdita 2009), a position which is in accordance with the modern socio-political context of the Albanian people living simultaneously in Kosovo and Albania. Political parties, banks and many other institutions labelled ‘Dardanian’ (Democratic league of Dardania, Dardania University, Dardania Bank, Radio Dardania, etc.) in Kosovo and Albania present a first-hand case of the nationalistic role of archaeology in modern politics."

None the less, it appears that the contemporaneous scientists from the international academic circles did not prove themselves to be so gullible and dirigible as the Albanians had initially expected. These foreign scientists...

http://repository.gei.de/handle/11428/269 https://www.rtklive.com/en/news-single.php?ID=8575

First Albanological studies
https://archive.org/details/worldshistorysur05helmuoft/page/222

The first scholar who expressed his interest in the Albanian language was a German philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz. Thus, he described his interest to one of his friends in a letter from 1705 with the following words: "As to the language of the Albanians, I have the impression that it may be a sort of Slavic since this tongue is spoken along the Adriatic Sea. It is commonly known as Linguam Illiricam, but I believe that the language of the ancient Illyrians was something quite different." Nine years later, in 1714, this scholar wrote something quite different, stating his belief that there were preserved in the language of the Epirotes (Albanians) relicts of the Illyrian speech (or that Albanian descended from Old Illyrian), and that the Illyrians descended from Celts - "Illyrii erant Celtici generis." This idea was later developed in a more detailed manner by Johannes Erich Thunmann in his work Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen Europäischen Völker - Leipzig, 1774. Thunmann is the first scholar who addressed to the autochthony of the Albanians and has the merit for introducing the first argument in its favour, based on historical sources available at that time; he declares, "I have found no trace of immigration in their history. Their language has, however, left such traces of the fate of this people that I can do no other than see in them the neighbours of the Greeks and the subjects of ancient Rome. These two facts together point to the ancient Illyrians as their origin." Autochthonist theory of the Albanian origin was subsequently accepted by Johann Georg von Hahn, who is considered as the father of the albanological sciences thanks to his work Albanesische Studien - Jena, 1854. Although J. G. v. Hahn's etymologies of the toponomastics are obsolete today, he is regarded as a scholar who attempted to prove the continuity of the oldest geographical names to the present through Albanian language. Other scholars such as Joseph Ritter von Xylander pointed to its Indo-European origin (Die Sprache der Albanesen oder Schkipetaren, Frankfurt, 1835), but it was not until Franz Bopp who scientifically proved it in 1854. By the end of the 19th century, based on linguistic grounds, a group of scholars opposed to the autochthony of the Albanians, especially Carl Pauli and Hermann Hirt, stating that the Albanians had migrated from the East. Carl Pauli has the credit for formulating the first scholarly argument against the Illyrian hypothesis, the centum-satem argument, while Hermann Hirt for scientifically corroborating it. Another German scholar, Gustav Weigand, gave his full support to this hypothesis in 1927 when he presented his chief 12 arguments against the Illyrian origin of the Albanians.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/44900999

The greatest contribution in development of the Albanistics in Albania was brought by Eqrem Çabej, Androkli Kostallari, Mahir Domi, Shaban Demiraj, Anastas Dodi, and others. The most relevant results were achieved in dialectology (in most cases creating monographic descriptions of the Albanian speeches, dialectological dictionaries). The modern Albanistics in Albania devotes much of the attention to the placement of the Albanian language within the Balkan linguistic union.

Expansion of the Albanians in the Balkan space
Due to the lack of written sources, the Albanian scientists have expounded the importance of a multidisciplinary approach towards solving the problem of the origin of the Albanians, especially from a linguistic standpoint. The Albanian vocabulary is particularly educative because it reveals to great extent cultural, social and economic conditions under which the Albanians were formed prior to their historical emergence in 11th century. It abounds in loanwords from Slavic, Turkish, Greek and Romance, though there is hardly more than a tenth of the vocabulary that is properly indigenous. Particularly numerous are the ones from Latin and Slavic languages. First, of rather general character, address to urban life, family ties, agriculture, plants and fruits from low and marshy zone. Second, more specific, are related to the types of housing, farming, livestock breeding and other activities. Older Slavic loanwords in Albanian belong to Bulgarian, and the later to Serbian, which are fewer and more common among northern Albanian Gheg speakers. [http://macedonia.kroraina.com/vtz/index.htm Нашествия и етнически промени на Балканите през VI—VII в. (София, 1966)]; Василка Тъпкова-Заимова, quote:"Както се изтъква от изследвачите езиковеди, там в по-късно време настъпва албанизация на славянското население. В същност за етническите промени, настъпили в тези земи, не можем да кажем нещо съществено по-ново от онова, което е направено до излизането на ценните трудове на Селищев [105]. Оттогава, 30-те години на нашия век, почти няма специални проучвания от археологически или от езиковедски характер, които да осветляват по-пълно тези въпроси. Действително за времето на Прокопий имаме писмени данни, че славянски маси са прониквали, и то нееднократно, в областите до Епидамн (Драч) и че понякога ромейската войска не смеела да излезе насреща им — такъв страх всявали те. [106] Подробности обаче за тяхното настаняване там няма по писмени документи. Езиковедските изследвания са показали, че до този период населението по тия места, главно в северозападните области, било повече романо-далматинско, а, както се казва по-горе, на югоизток имало и гръцко население. От VII в. нататък започнало движение на славяни в областите на Бистрица, Воюса, Семени, Шкумба, откъм югоизток, т. е. от Костурско и Охридско-Ресенския край. Тези славяни били от българската група. От Горна Шкумба на север движението им намирало преграда в планинската верига, наречена Черменика. Друго направление на славянското движение в Албания вървяло откъм Черни Дрин към басейна на р. Мати. Това разселение било по-малобройно и то се състояло пак от славяни, принадлежащи към българската езикова група. Предел на тяхното напредване към северозапад била планинската местност Просек. Славянска група се спускала и от долното течение на Бели Дрин в басейна на съединения Дрин (под мястото, където се влива Черни Дрин) и по на запад. Тази група, която се заселила на запад от Черни Дрин, е принадлежала по-скоро към сръбската езикова група. Същото се отнася и за онези славяни, които са проникнали в района на Шкодра. [107]" On the basis of Slavic loanwords for plant names, it is possible to conclude that Albanians and Slavs established relations in a dry forest zone at 600-900m altitude. Contrary to this, genuine Albanian names for plants are from the higher alpine zone above 2100m, as well as expressions for dairy products. In essence, Albanian lexical fund discloses semi-nomadic and shepherding peoples, which during the cold season inhabited continental zone of hills where they established relations with the population from lower areas but during the summer moved to pastures of higher mountains.  Place where Albanian was formed, thus, was not at the coast but in a remote and isolated mountainous place. German scholar Georg Stadtmüller finds this place to be in Mat district. Particular problem presents the placement of the enigmatic Arvanon (Άρβανον), first original core of the Albanians, whose mentioning is reported by Anna Komnene describing conflicts between Alexios I. and Normans. The latest studies, which primarily treat Arvanon as a district instead of a certain city, are relying on arguments of entirely differentiating nature. According to some, this territory must had been located where influences from the foreign cultures were weakest, be it Roman, Byzantine, Early Slavic, Zetan or Rascian, whereby from this predisposition Mat district in central Albania was designated in advance. According to another opinion, which takes as a starting point main directions of the military operations during Byzantine-Norman wars, Arvanon was, at least with its greater part, located south of the great bend of Škumbi, approximately between Devol, not far from the Ohrid Lake, and Elbasan. Meanwhile, according to the Albanian philologist Eqrem Çabej, who was relying on and cartographing Albanian toponyms with the suffix -esh, which most probably derives from Latin -ensis or Vulgar Latin -esis, he established approximate frames of this earliest Albanian expansion wave, whose concentration can be traced from Elbasan on south, through Tirana, and up to Kroja on north.

https://bib.irb.hr/datoteka/284585.Georgije_Ostrogorski_Povijest_Bizanta_324-1453.pdf

https://ronniszakkonyv.hu/ILLYRICA

https://www.jstor.org/stable/177624

http://www.zgodovinskicasopis.si/_pdf/Digital-archive/ZC_1988_1.pdf

https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9781501729409/9781501729409-007/9781501729409-007.xml

https://www.scribd.com/document/82367335/Bo%C5%BEidar-Ferjan%C4%8Di%C4%87-Vizantija-i-Ju%C5%BEni-Sloveni

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437898/pdf/ejhg201718a.pdf

https://www.knjizara.com/antikvarnica/EVROPA-NA-RASKRSCU-Novi-zidovi-ili-ujedinjena-Evropa-431294

http://www.laban.rs/q.php?a=l&doc=/lib/Knjiga_o_Kosovu

https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/linguistics/Recent_Advances_Common_Slavic

http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/izdanja/Godisnjak%206.pdf

https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=179293

http://www.ff.untz.ba/index.php?page=Historijska_misao

Comparative linguistics
https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/46523

https://www.jstor.org/stable/411167

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265439

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265417

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40847315

http://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3975

https://books.google.si/books?id=lAFXAAAAYAAJ&q=Alb.+dallendyshe+looks+even+more+like+a+recently+built+composite+if+one+remembers+that+other+parts+of+it&dq=Alb.+dallendyshe+looks+even+more+like+a+recently+built+composite+if+one+remembers+that+other+parts+of+it&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitxuyyk5HkAhXNl4sKHTi-C6wQ6AEIJzAA

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265223

https://www.jstor.org/stable/41243464

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265318

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40265375

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The former president of the Academy of Sciences of Albania, Aleks Buda, who is above all known as a proficient historian, in his papers often deals with the theme of the methodological approach in the study of the Albanian past. The question of the origin of Albanians, according to Buda, poses a complicated issue which is not easy to resolve with the present methodological procedures. It is thus necessary to contemplate this enigmatic question from a lot broader aspect, as it has been in common practice so far, for only by this way we shall achieve progress on the field of the Albanological sciences. By application of the multidisciplinary methodology, where we must not only reckon with the results of historiography but also with the results of archaeology, historical linguistics, ethnology, anthropology, etc., we thus obtain a much more comprehensive picture which enables us an in-depth insight into the history of the Albanian people. Yet, owing to the lack of historical testimonies, the main criterion for distinction of the Albanian ethnos and culture in Balkan space should be the language.

Another Albanian, Eqrem Çabej, who is believed to be one of the most renown Albanian scientists, notices that a large majority of his interlocutors from the international academic circles deny the Illyrian origin of Albanians. Two of the main arguments at their disposal are: (1) the close Albano-Rumanian parallels and (2) the local toponomastics of Albania. Eqrem Çabej nonetheless remains a consistent champion of the Illyrian hypothesis of the origin of Albanians and adamantly objects to the theories that were launched by G. Weigand, A. M. Seliščev and I. Popović. In his opinion, Albanian place names together with Albanian marine terminology, the archaic character of Latin borrowings and north-western Doric Greek borrowings in Albanian prove that the coastal regions of the Adriatic belong to the Balkan homeland of Albanians since at least the ancient times, or the Greek-Roman period. Çabej's ideas, however, did not fall on a fertile ground since most of the foreign scholars remain sceptic toward his constatations.

Meanwhile, some Albanian quasi-experts from Wikipedia took the privilege for themselves to explain the World that they are the sons of Illyrians. They say that scholars have tried to identify the place of the origin of Albanian by studying its Slavic and Latin loanwords. But their "expertise" is being best displayed in the following sentence where they state: "The place where the Albanian language was formed is uncertain." The word "uncertain" is a code for "we do not have the slightest clue." In this section, we shall attempt to posit Albanian with at least some degree of certainty within the circle of the related Indo-European languages and its development in the Balkan space.

Two Romance languages have developed on the Balkan Peninsula: Rumanian in its interior and "Dalmatic", i.e. indigenous (Pre-Venetian) language of the eastern Adriatic coast that was being preserved in the city of Krk until the end of the 19th century, whereas in the Dalmatian cities until the end of the Middle Ages. Romance was also spoken in the cities of northern Albania, where the last Romans were still being mentioned in Drišt until the end of the Middle Ages. Thus a question is being raised: what is the position of Albano-Romance to Rumanian, on one side, and coastal Romance, on the other side.

The much appraised Eric P. Hamp, for whom our Albanian colleagues at Wikipedia wrongly believe that he advocates the Illyrian origin of Albanians, has tried to address this question in his synthesis The Position of Albanian from 1963. He states that there are two treatments of Latin loans in Albanian. "(Henrik) Barić sets forth a very convincing looking solution for this duality," says the American scholar. According to Barić, there are no common Pre-Rumanian-Dalmatic-Albanoromance innovations. In Old Dalmatic kt, ks groups were either preserved (compare piak(t)no "comb" from Latin pectine on Krk, trakta "dragnet" from Lat. tracta, liksija "lye" from Lat. lixiva in Dubrovnik) or pass into it, is, — comp. laite (= Lat. lactes), froit (= Lat. fructus), in Krk dialect of Dalmatic traita (= Lat. tracta), at Pelješac also the name of an islet Maisan, named after the church of St. Maksim (= Lat. Maximus) with Romance is from Lat. x (ks), Slavic transition of i into a and Čakavian transition of the ending -m into n (Čakavian govorin : Štokavian govorim). In Romance elements of the Albanian language beside ft for Lat. -ct also occurs it, — comp., e.g. drejtë from Lat. directus, trajton (from Lat. tractare), Old Alb. fryit (Cuneus prophetarum) from Lat. fructus, whereas in Rumanian pt, ps are the only substitution of the Latin groups ct, x, — comp. Rum. drept = Lat. directus, frupt = Lat. fructus. In Barić's opinion substitution of the kt, ks group with ft, fsh in Albanian words of Latin origin is earlier, whilst substitution of it, is later. This means that there must have existed two chronologically and geographically separated layers of Romance elements in Albanian language, first with ft, fsh in earlier Albanian homeland in the interior of the Balkan peninsula in symbiosis with the Romance element in which Rumanian nation and language was formed, and second with it, is — in later contacts of Albanians with the littoral Romans after the lowering of Albanians to the coast, which is today generally regarded as a late Albanian settlement. The group ft in Albanian t(r)aftar, koftor, as well as fsh in kofshe, correspond to phonetic substitution of the pt, ps groups in pre-Rumanian language (comp. Rum. trepta = Lat. trajecta, cuptor = Lat. coctorium, coapsa = Lat. coxa), and the reflex it for Lat. ct (in Old Alb. fryit = Lat. fructus, Alb. dreite = Lat. directus, trajton = Lat. tractare, pajtoj = Lat. pactare) from Old Dalm. it in Krk dialect froit = Lat. fructus, laite = Lat. lactes, South Dalm. traita = Lat. tracta. In support of such understanding also speaks that the deviations in first, the pre-Rumanian-Albanian layer are identical, — comp. sh (instead of fsh) in Alb. lëshoj and s (instead of ps) in Rum. lasa (from Lat. laxare), t (instead of ft) in Alb. fluturon and Rum. t (instead of pt) in Rum. flutura (= Lat. fluctulare). Characteristic in relation with these parallels is also that in Albanian language Latin group -nct- in certain words corresponds -mt- the same as in Rumanian (comp. Alb. gjymtyrë = Lat. junctura - Rum. umt = Lat. unctus) contrary to -nt- in Alb. shënt, Dalm. suont from Lat. sanctus.

The rhotacism undoubtedly belongs to a later period of the Albano-Rumanian relations, i.e. the transition of intervocalic -n- into -r-, conditioned in Albanian and in the Rumanian language by nasalization of the previous vowel. It was also known in the Gheg dialect and in a period of the first Slavic-Gheg contacts in northern Albania, whereas of the Rumanian dialects for nj knows only North-Rumanian and its offshoot, the Istro-Rumanian dialect, which means that the rhotacism in the Rumanian language had occurred in a time when the territorial Pre-Rumanian community already shattered by withdrawal of South-Rumanian from the Old Albanian neighbourhood into the interior of the Balkan peninsula. In accordance with this is the first historical report of Vlahorihinoi (at Procopius De Aedificiis IV 3) from the 6th century, as an already in this period in an area of the Rihios river settled Vlach tribe, whereas the beginning of the migration of this south-Rumanian group certainly must have been earlier, at most to the second half of the 6th century, when the Albanian influences on the Pre-Rumanian language had been completed. By this early breaking up of the south Rumanian is to be explained not only the absence of the rhotacism but also the reason why the number of Old Albanian loanwords in these dialects is far lower than in North-Rumanian.

Besides close Albano-Rumanian parallels, there are also a few Old Germanic loans. Goths held one part of the north Albanian district from 396 to 535 A. D. Hence R. Loewe, and thereafter also N. Jokl, tried to establish Gothic elements in Albanian language. But among these words, provided that they are even of Gothic origin, there are only such that entered in Albanian by the mediation of South Slavs or through the military Latin language — such as shkulka (Got. skulka "spy"), also preserved as a Gothic-Latin terminology in Old Portuguese (escolca) and Old Sardinian (iskolka).

Sifting through the evidence material, Henrik Barić thereupon draws some general considerations from his treatise. As Albanian is, in fact, one Thracian dialect, so its "Thraco-Illyrian" character must be a consequence of the later Thraco-Illyrian symbiosis, by which are explained not so numerous Illyrian elements in the Albanian vocabulary. Barić adduces the results by Mateescu who, in his detailed analysis of epigraphic material, has noted the Thracian infiltration into Illyrian provinces during their vigorous expansion, which occurred at a relatively late period, from the 2nd to 3rd centuries A.D. Congruent with these deductions, the homeland of Albanians must have been in the interior of the Balkan peninsula, in Dardania and Paeonia. Taking into account the close Albano-Rumanian linguistic parallels, the Albanians had commenced another migration from their earlier homeland in the interior of the Balkan Peninsula to their present-day territories before the end of the Latin epoch, which developed in waves, but not later than the 6th century A.D. Like Holger Pedersen, Henrik Barić believed that of the Indo European languages Albanian is most closely related to Armenian. Jolanta Mindak-Zawadzka [https://books.google.si/books?id=RwHtFaHBbtoC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=He+analyzed+the+oldest+Albanian+written+texts+from+the+linguistic+and+palaeographic+points+of+view.+He+also+studied+the+Romanization+of+Albanian.+Opposing+M.+fi+Bartoli,+B.+held+that+Balkan+Romance+evolved+independently+from+SouthItalian+Romance+(1937).+On+the+basis+of+his+toponomastic+findings,+B.+tried+to+determine+the+Balkan+origin+of+the+Albanian+tribes.+Since+he+thought+he+had+proved+that+Illyrian,+unlike+Albanian,+was+a+centum+language,+he+rejected+the+claim+of+the+Illyrian+origin+of+Albanian+(1948);+according+to+him,+the+Albanians+were+descendents+of+Thracians+who+had+settled+on+the+Illyrian%2B+territory.+Like+H.+fi+Pedersen,+he+believed+that+of+the+Indo+European+languages+Albanian+is+most+closely+related+to+Armenian.+B.+summarized+his+research+in+his+WIntroduction+to+the+History+of+the+Albanian+language%2B+(1955).&source=bl&ots=dgedMMB0AI&sig=ACfU3U1AwPKdh2Epz0Qc-Dyh3l9Q5TAsHw&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjG5qjF1e3gAhUO_CoKHb93Aq8Q6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=He%20analyzed%20the%20oldest%20Albanian%20written%20texts%20from%20the%20linguistic%20and%20palaeographic%20points%20of%20view.%20He%20also%20studied%20the%20Romanization%20of%20Albanian.%20Opposing%20M.%20fi%20Bartoli%2C%20B.%20held%20that%20Balkan%20Romance%20evolved%20independently%20from%20SouthItalian%20Romance%20(1937).%20On%20the%20basis%20of%20his%20toponomastic%20findings%2C%20B.%20tried%20to%20determine%20the%20Balkan%20origin%20of%20the%20Albanian%20tribes.%20Since%20he%20thought%20he%20had%20proved%20that%20Illyrian%2C%20unlike%20Albanian%2C%20was%20a%20centum%20language%2C%20he%20rejected%20the%20claim%20of%20the%20Illyrian%20origin%20of%20Albanian%20(1948)%3B%20according%20to%20him%2C%20the%20Albanians%20were%20descendents%20of%20Thracians%20who%20had%20settled%20on%20the%20Illyrian%2B%20territory.%20Like%20H.%20fi%20Pedersen%2C%20he%20believed%20that%20of%20the%20Indo%20European%20languages%20Albanian%20is%20most%20closely%20related%20to%20Armenian.%20B.%20summarized%20his%20research%20in%20his%20WIntroduction%20to%20the%20History%20of%20the%20Albanian%20language%2B%20(1955).&f=false]

By the same token, Vladimir I. Georgiev states that the Urheimat of the Albanians must have been near that of the proto-Rumanians. The oldest Latin elements in Albanian come from proto-Rumanian, i.e., Eastern Balkan Latin, and not from Dalmatian, i.e., Western Balkan Latin that was spoken in Illyria. Compare the phonetic development of the following words: Vulgar Latin caballum "horse", cubitum "elbow", lucta "struggle, fight" > Rum. cal, cot, luptă (Arum. luftă) = Alb. kal, kut, luftë. Therefore, the formation of Albanian did not take place in Illyria. The agreement in the treatment of Latin words in Rumanian and in Albanian shows that Albanian developed from the 4th to the 6th century in a region where proto-Rumanian was taking shape.

There are also around thirty Old Greek loanwords in Albanian — a number far too small for the autochthonous people that supposedly bordered Greece during the antiquity. Eqrem Çabej thinks that some of these words belong to Dorians, such as brukë "Tamarix gallica" from myrike, drapën-drapër from *drapanon for drepanon, kumbull from kokkymalon, merimangë from myrmaks-myrmakos, mokën-mokër from makhana, etc. Accordingly, Albanians had adopted these words either from the Greek colonies on the Albanian coast or by contacts with the north-western Greek dialects on the south of Epirus. The majority of these words represent either edible plants or agricultural implements, and all show consistent and un-Albanian antepenultimate accent. This fact suggests that these words were not borrowed directly into Albanian from an intimately associated Greek-speaking population but came from more remote trade contacts.

http://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/1114 https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/23024 http://www.lituanus.org/1993_2/93_2_05.htm#Ref http://www.revistaperpjekja.org/images/stories/botimet/perpjekja_03.pdf http://www.bksh.al/gsdl/collect/revistaa/index/assoc/HASH01f7/193432e2.dir/doc.pdf http://www.bksh.al/gsdl/collect/revistaa/index/assoc/HASHf812.dir/doc.pdf

The migrations of the Slavs from the region of Poland began early in the Christian era. By the fourth century they had reached the old province of Dacia, where they were overrun by the Huns. Early in the sixth century they moved across the Danube in the direction of Epirus and Macedonia. By 556 they had reached the Adriatic, in 548 Dyrrhachium, and in the following years there are several reports of Slavs on the move in Illyricum. On the other hand, present-day Albanians were mentioned for the first time in the events which took place in 1078 as part of the army of Nikephoros Basilakios, the dux of Dyrrhachium. The Albanians were reported in Dyrrachium only as late as in 1273, after the earthquake which devastated the city. Thus, there were no noticeable Albanian-speaking communities in the cities of the Albanian coast throughout the Middle Ages. Durazzo was inhabited by the Venetians, Greeks, Jews and Slavs; Scutari by the Venetians and Slavs; and Vlora by the Byzantine Greeks.

It has long been recognized that there are two treatments of Latin loans in Albanian. The Albanian groups ft, fsh and Rumanian pt, ps correspond to Latin ct, x (comp. Alb. luftë, Rum. luptă, Lat. lucta; Alb. kofshë, Rum. coapsă, Lat. coxa, etc.). Old opinion that the Albanian ft, fsh for Latin ct, x should be ascribed to Illyrian influence is not sustainable because this transition occurs only in Albanian words of Latin origin, whereas in genuine Albanian words there was executed assimilation of the groups kt, ks into t, s (comp. natë : Lit. naktis as opposed to luftë from lucta, pishe from IE *pikso - as opposed to kofshë from Lat. coxa); 2. because this transition is not known to the Old Romance (Pre-Venetian) dialects of Adriatic coast (comp. piak(t)no from Lat. pectine on Krk, trakta from Lat. tracta, liksija from Lat. lixiva in Dubrovnik). In Old Dalmatic kt, ks groups were either preserved or they pass into -it, -is, - comp. laite (= Lat. lactes), froit (= Lat. fructus); in Krk dialect of Dalm. traita (= Lat. tracta); at Pelješac name of the island Maisan, called after the church of St. Maxim (= Lat. Maximus) with Romance is from Lat. x(ks), Slavic transition of i into a and čakavian passage of the ending -m into n (čakavian govorin : štokavian govorim). In Romance elements of the Albanian language beside ft for Lat. -ct occurs also it, - comp.; e.g. drejtë from Lat. directus, trajton from Lat. tractare, Old Alb. fryit (Cuneus Prophetarum) from Lat. fructus, whereas in Rumanian pt, ps are the only substitution of the Latin groups ct, x - comp. Rum. drept = Lat. directus, frupt = Lat. fructus. According to Henrik Barić, the substitution of groups kt, ks with ft, fsh in Albanian words of Latin origin is earlier, whereas the substitution of it, is is later. This means that there must had existed two chronologically and geographically separated layers of Romance elements in Albanian language, first with ft, fsh in earlier homeland of Albanians in the interior of Balkan Peninsula in symbiosis with the Romance element in which Rumanian nation and language was formed, and the second with it, is - in later contacts of Albanians with coastal Romans after the lowering of Albanians to the coast, which is today generally considered as a late Albanian settlement. The group ft in Albanian t(r)aftar, koftor, as well as fsh in kofshë, corresponds phonetic substitution pt, ps of these groups in Pre-Rumanian language (comp. Rum. trepta = Lat. trajecta, cuptor = Lat. coctorium, coapsă = Lat. coxa), and the reflex it for Lat. ct (in Old Alb. fryit = Lat. fructu, Alb. dreite = Lat. directus, trajton = Lat. tractare, pajtoj = Lat. pactare) to Old Dalm. substitution it in Krk dialect froit = Lat. fructus, laite = Lat. lactes, South Dalm. traita = Lat. tracta. In favour to such understanding speaks also that the deviations in first, the Pre-Rumanian-Albanian layer are identical, - comp. sh (instead of fsh) in Alb. lëshoj and s (instead of -ps) in Rum. lasa (from Lat. laxare), t (instead of ft) in Alb. fluturon and Rum. t (instead of pt) in Rum. flutura (= Lat. fluctulare). Characteristic in relation with these parallels is also that in Albanian language Latin group -nct - in certain words corresponds -mt- the same as in Rumanian (comp. Alb. gjymtyrë = Lat. junctura - Rum. umt = Lat. unctus) contrary to -nt- in Alb. shënt, Dalm. suont from Lat. sanctus.

The duality of Romance layer, continental and coastal, is also reflected in other lines. Only this way can be explained that in some words of Latin origin Lat. a remains unchanged, same as in Rumanian language (comp. Alb. shtrat, Rum. strat = Lat. stratum), whereas in other Lat. a becomes substituted with e, same as in South Dalmatic, - comp. Alb. qytet = Lat. civitate, mbret = Lat. imperator, heshtë = Lat. hasta - Dalm. lena = Lat. lana, remo = Lat. (ae)ramen, pen = Lat. pane, chesa = Lat. casa.

Along the same lines Vladimir I. Georgiev stresses that the oldest Latin elements in Albanian come from proto-Rumanian, i.e. eastern Balkan Latin, and not from Dalmatian, western Balkan Latin that was spoken in Illyria. For example, compare Vulgar Latin caballum 'horse', Rum. cal, Alb. kal; Vulgar Latin cubitum 'elbow', Rum. cot, Alb. kut; Vulgar Latin lucta 'struggle, fight', Rum. luptă, Arum. luftă, Alb. luftë, etc.

Regardless of some close parallels between Albanian and Rumanian, the two languages are not genetically related. It is difficult to estimate for how long did this Albano-Rumanian symbiosis last, but the generally accepted opinion is that these languages were in close contacts sometime between the 4th and 6th century A.D.

As already said, the ancient place names of Albania did not develop uninterruptedly in Albanian speech but were inherited with the mediation of Slavic, Romance and Greek. For example: Slavic Drač from Latin Dyrrachium gave Italian Durazzo > Alb. Durrës; Illyrian Tomaros gave Slavic Tomor > Alb. Tomorr; Greek Aulon gave Slavic Valona > Alb. Vlorë, etc. The Indo-European Languages (2017); Albanian; Alexander Rusakov, p. 556, quote:"One piece of evidence comes from the phonetic form of some ancient geographic names localised in the modern Albanian territory, first of all on the Adriatic coast. If it is possible to trace a linguistically continuous path in the phonetic development of these names from their ancient form to their modern form in accordance with Albanian “sound laws,” it would support the hypothesis that the Albanians have been living on their modern territory from Antiquity. There are, however, some phonetic difficulties in reconstructing such a continuous development, for example, with respect to such important Albanian toponyms as Shkodër < Scodra, Σκόδρα, Durrës < Dyrrhachium, Δυρράχιον, Shkumbi(n) < Scampis, Scampinus. There is a long discussion on the historical development of these names; the most widespread view has it that the historical development of these names does not coincide with the laws of the Albanian historical phonology (e.g. Scodra should have developed into something like *Hadër; see Matzinger 2009: 23)." Turkish Üsküdar or Yskydar does not derive from Albanian Shkodër but Serbian Skadar, which means that the Albanians were not there during the occupation of that town by the Turks; otherwise, Turks would have adopted this name directly from Albanians. According to Joachim Matzinger, under a condition that there was a linear development of the Illyrian-Albanian continuity, the ancient place name Scodra should be yielding Hádër. Nonetheless, current form Shkodër shows a loanword treatement! The Albanian form Durrës cannot be a direct reflex of the ancient place name Dyrrachium either, because in such case for -ki- would be expected Albanian q (comp. Alb. shoq from Lat. socius (ci=ki!)) while s is Albanian substitution for Slavic č in Durač (comp.; e.g. Alb. porosis from Slav. poročiti).

Here we can also mention the oronym Tomoros as a designation for several mountains. The most known mountain with this name is in Dodona, southern Epirus, in which's slope there is located the famous sanctuary of Dodona, dedicated to god Zeus. In Albania, between the rivers Devol and Osum rises mountain massif Tomoros and Tomorica. Tomoros is also a peak of Mount Galičica, as well as Tmor in Dalmatia, near Dubrovnik, (Tъ)morane, a village near Skopje, and several other microtoponyms in Kičevo. To ancient Greek and Roman authors oronym is known in form Tomaros, Tmaros, Tmarus, etc. Based on the geographical distribution, mainly on the territory known as Illyrian (Dalmatia, Epirus) and north-western Macedonia, it is assumed that Tomoros is Illyrian, or possibly Pre-Illyrian word. In the form Tomoros, Gustav Weigand discovered the Slavic reflex on a > o. The name is most likely derived from IE root *tem- *toms-, which means 'dark, black', comp. Old Ind. tamah 'dark', Lit. temti 'darken', etc., and the translation of Tomoros would designate 'Black Mountain'.

Characteristic for Tomoros is that the meaning of this name was preserved in Macedonian Slavic verb potomori (se) 'to be lost in the dark', whereas its meaning is completely unknown to Albanian speakers. In Albanian language Tomoros was adopted with the mediation of Slavic, and not directly from Illyrian, because -ă- is preserved in Albanian, whereas in Slavic it results in -o-. If it was taken directly from Illyrian, then in Albanian the oronym would result in Tomar or Tëmar, and not Tomor and Tomorica.

Etymological explanations provided by J. G. v. Hahn of the ancient place names Dalmatia and Dardania do not hold and should be regarded obsolete, different interpretations were proposed instead. Robert Graves relates the Greek δάρδανος (Varvanos) “burned up” (from the verb δαρδάπτω, dardapto, “to wear, to slay, to burn up”) to the name Dardanus. Kaplan Burović supports Konstantin Jireček and maintains that Dardanians assumed their name after their deity, god or eponymous hero - Dardanos. According to Konstantin Jireček, the Illyrian tribes were named after the sons and daughters of Cyclops Polyphemus and nymph Galatea (Autarieus, Dardanos, Partho, Daorho, Dassaro, etc.). According to Sorin Paliga, compounds *D-L/ *T-L- (*DaL-, *DeL-, *TaL-, *TeL-, etc.) and *MaT(T) in the place name of Dalmatia are of Pre-Indo-European, i.e. Mediterranean origin.

Overwhelming majority of the contemporary place names in Kosovo and Metohija is of Slavic origin (Serb. Priština, Vučitrn, Podujevo, Mitrovica, Leposavić, Istok, Glogovac, Peć, Dečani, Đakovica, Prizren, Suvareka, Orahovac, Dragaš, Gnjilane, etc.), but albanized according to the Albanian accentuation and spelling (Alb. Prishtinë, Vuçiternë, Podujevë, etc.), whereas the name of Kosovo(=kos, 'blackbird') derives from Serbian, and the name of Metohija(=metokhe, '(religious) community') from Greek. There is not one single place name in that area whose origin could be found in the Albanian language.

Likewise, out of 107 inhabited places in the region of Kičevo, which supposedly gives proof to Albanian autochthony in this region, none has an Albanian name. It has been noticed that all of the high mountains: Bistra, Bukova, Dobra Voda, etc., and longer rivers: Treska, Studenčica, Belešnica, etc., are with transparent Slavic names. The microtoponymy is Slavic even in the villages with Albanian population. Not only in western Macedonia, where Albanians live nowadays mixed with Macedonians, but also in Albania itself, Slavic toponyms represent an older stratum than the Albanian ones.

According to Albanian scholar Xhelal Ylli, during the 15th and the 16th centuries Slavic place names comprised of up to 35.4% in total of all the toponyms in Albania.

We should also mention that the Albanians migrated relatively recently to Kosovo and Macedonia, mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries.

http://aos.ro/wp-content/anale/IVol8Nr2Art.1.pdf https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:Tx4COMsQHt8J:https://www.sanu.ac.rs/english/Izdanja/Kosovo/15.pdf+&cd=1&hl=sl&ct=clnk&gl=si http://macedonia.kroraina.com/en/av/index.html http://aos.ro/editura/analeleaosr/annals-on-history/archive/vol-8-no-2-2016 http://vuir.vu.edu.au/423/3/Anastasovski%2C%20Nick%20PhD.pdf http://christian-heritage.eserbia.org/articles/12-Dusan-T-Batakovic-Kosovo-and-Metohija-History-Memory-Identity.pdf

Another argument which disapproves the autochthony of Albanians is almost complete absence of the Old Greek loanwords, and even those that they do have were borrowed through a mediation of another language.

Scholars have also expounded the significance of maritime and seafaring terminology for the localization of Albanian homeland, which is almost completely absent in Albanian and mostly consists out of borrowings from Slavic, Latin, Greek and Turkish, since Illyrians lived at the Adriatic coast and must have been well-traversed sailors.

Henceforth, based on the features of the Balkan Latin loanwords in Albanian, the Proto-Albanian must have developed in close proximity to the Proto-Rumanian sometime between the 4th and 6th centuries A.D. or possibly even further north of the Balkans in the foothills of Carpathian and Beskid mountains.

--- Dardania, Dalmatia

There are two chronologically and geographically separated layers of Latin loanwords in Albanian, earlier in the interior of the Balkans where Rumanian was formed, and the later after the Albanian lowering and their contacts with the indigenous Romance population of the eastern Adriatic seacoast where Dalmatic was spoken. The oldest Latin elements in Albanian come from proto-Rumanian, i.e. eastern Balkan Latin, and not from Dalmatian, western Balkan Latin that was spoken in Illyria. For example, compare Vulgar Latin caballum 'horse', Rum. cal, Alb. kal; Vulgar Latin cubitum 'elbow', Rum. cot, Alb. kut; Vulgar Latin lucta 'struggle, fight', Rum. luptă, Arum. luftă, Alb. luftë, etc. As already said, local toponomastics was inherited in Albanian with the mediation of Slavic, Romance and Greek. For example: Slavic Drač from Latin Dyrrachium gave Italian Durazzo > Alb. Durrës; Illyrian Tomaros gave Slavic Tomor > Alb. Tomorr; Greek Aulon gave Slavic Valona > Alb. Vlorë, etc. The Indo-European Languages (2017); Albanian; Alexander Rusakov, p. 556, quote:"One piece of evidence comes from the phonetic form of some ancient geographic names localised in the modern Albanian territory, first of all on the Adriatic coast. If it is possible to trace a linguistically continuous path in the phonetic development of these names from their ancient form to their modern form in accordance with Albanian “sound laws,” it would support the hypothesis that the Albanians have been living on their modern territory from Antiquity. There are, however, some phonetic difficulties in reconstructing such a continuous development, for example, with respect to such important Albanian toponyms as Shkodër < Scodra, Σκόδρα, Durrës < Dyrrhachium, Δυρράχιον, Shkumbi(n) < Scampis, Scampinus. There is a long discussion on the historical development of these names; the most widespread view has it that the historical development of these names does not coincide with the laws of the Albanian historical phonology (e.g. Scodra should have developed into something like *Hadër; see Matzinger 2009: 23)." Turkish Üsküdar or Yskydar does not derive from Albanian Shkodër either but Serbian Skadar, which means that the Albanians were not there during the occupation of that town by the Turks; otherwise, Turks would have adopted this name directly from Albanians. According to Joachim Matzinger, under a condition that there was a linear development of the Illyrian-Albanian continuity, the ancient place name Scodra should be yielding Hádër. Nevertheless, current form Shkodër shows a loanword treatement!

Overwhelming majority of the Kosovo and Metohija toponymy is Slavic (Serb. Priština, Vučitrn, Podujevo, Mitrovica, Leposavić, Istok, Glogovac, Peć, Dečani, Đakovica, Prizren, Suvareka, Orahovac, Dragaš, Gnjilane, etc.), but albanized according to the Albanian accentuation and spelling (Alb. Prishtinë, Vuçiternë, Podujevë, etc.), whereas the etymologies of Kosovo(=kos, 'blackbird') and Metohija(=metokhe, '(religious) community') names are of Serbian and Greek origin. There is not a single name which would testify in favour of the antiquity of the Albanians in Kosovo and Metohija. Ancient place names  and  are not related to Albanian sheeps and pears either, different etymologies have been proposed instead. Likewise, out of 107 inhabited places in the region of Kičevo, which supposedly give proof to Albanian autochthony in this region, none has an Albanian name. It has been noticed that all of the high mountains: Bistra, Bukova, Dobra Voda, etc., and longer rivers: Treska, Studenčica, Belešnica, etc., are with transparent Slavic names. The microtoponymy is Slavic even in the villages with Albanian population. Not only in western Macedonia, where Albanians live nowadays mixed with Macedonians, but also in Albania itself, Slavic toponyms represent an older stratum than the Albanian ones. According to the Albanian scholar Xhelal Ylli, during 15th and 16th centuries Slavic place names comprised of up to 35.4% in total of all the toponyms in Albania. It should be noted that the Albanians migrated relatively recently to Kosovo, Metohija and Macedonia, mostly during the 18th and 19th centuries. Another argument which disapproves the autochthony of Albanians is almost complete absence of the Old Greek loanwords, and even those that they do have were borrowed through a mediation of another language. Scholars have also expounded the significance of maritime and seafaring terminology for the localization of Albanian homeland, which is almost completely absent in Albanian and mostly consists out of borrowings from Slavic, Latin, Greek and Turkish, since Illyrians lived at the Adriatic coast and must have been well-traversed sailors. Henceforth, based on the features of the Balkan Latin loanwords in Albanian, the Proto-Albanian must have developed in close proximity to the Proto-Rumanian sometime between the 4th and 6th centuries A.D. or possibly even further north of the Balkans in the foothills of Carpathian and Beskid mountains.

Evidence about the characteristics of the language of the Illyrians consists entirely of onomastic material, names of persons, tribes and place-names known from Greek and Roman sources that are judged to be native to Illyria. The characteristics and distribution of the relevant names have been re-examined recently, principally by R. Katičić. In summary, his findings are that three areas may be distinguished in Illyricum on the basis of personal names which occur commonly in them: a 'south-eastern Illyrian' area; a 'central Illyrian' area; and the thirdly Liburnian, whose names resemble those of the Venetic territory to the north-east. The difference between the names current in the two Illyrian areas is not sufficient to indicate that two clearly differentiated dialects of Illyrian were in use in them. Whether Illyrian was a centum or a satem language is a matter of some dispute, but the balance of probability is on the centum side. On the other hand, Albanian belongs to the satem group of Indo-European languages which is why scholars have preferred aligning it with the Thracian idiom. Out of 180 reconstructed Thracian words by Ivan Duridanov, only eight show possible connection with Albanian. Unfortunately, these words are related to ancient Indo-European etymons and thus do not show any clear connection between Thracian and Albanian. Furthermore, the number of these words is so low that we can at best ascribe their mutual contacts onto peripheral level. It is more likely that these words are Thracian borrowings in Proto-Albanian and that they show a geographical proximity between these two languages at a certain stage. This unambiguously speaks in favour for a more eastern placement of the formation of the Albanian language. It is thus not feasible to relate Albanian with Thracian (or Daco-Mysian of V. Georgiev). Former president of the Albanian Academy of Sciences, Shaban Demiraj, does not share the same opinion with local and foreign scholars, according to whom Albanian is a successor of Pelasgian. According to S. Demiraj, Illyrian (Albanian) should not be equated with Pelasgian.

First records of the Albanian language

 * Formula e pagëzimit from 1462 is a baptismal formula that consists out of a short sentence which translates in modern Albanian: Un të paghësont pr emënit Atit e t birit e t spertit senit, "I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit."
 * Fjalori i Arnold Fon Harfit is a dictionary from 1496 or 1497, which contains 26 recorded words, 8 expressions and the numbers from 1 to 10 as well as numbers 100 and 1000.
 * Ungjilli i Pashkëve or Perikopeja are translations of the passages from the Gospel of Matthew (27:62-66) by an unknown author. With philological analysis, it was established that the text was written sometime during 15th or 16th centuries.  Alexander Rusakov, Albanian; The Indo-European Languages (2017), p. 554, quote:"The first Albanian language record (in the Gheg dialect) is the baptismal formula (Unte paghesont premenit Atit et birit et spertit senit ‘I baptize you in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Ghost’) from 1462, included in the Latin pastoral letter of Archbishop of Durrës Pal Engjëlli (Paulus Angelus), a close associate of Scanderbeg. There are some other short language records (in both Gheg and Tosk) belonging to the end of 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries (see Roques 1932, Shuteriqi 1976, Matzinger 2010)."

Byzantine sources
First Byzantine records of the Albanians were made by Michael Attaleiates, John Skylitzes and Anna Komnene in the 11th century. In his work, Historia, Michael Attaleiates provides accounts on the events which took place in Byzantium between the years 1038 and 1079. Describing circumstances in southern Italy after the dismissal of George Maniakes, celebrated warlord and victor over the Arabians (1038), the historian states that a rebellion broke out in these places; against the Empire rose Albans and Latins who were earlier not only the allies of Romans, but were also of the same statehood and religion with them. Now they became fierce enemies of the Romans and they have elected Michael Dokeianos for their leader. Michael Attaleiates reports that in 1042 George Maniakes once again returned to Italy and raised a rebellion against the emperor Constantine IX Monomachos, having at his side an army of Romans and Albans. Finally, Attaleiates states that the Arbanites with Bulgarian and Greek detachments formed an army of the usurper Nikephoros Basilakios who in 1078 moved from Dyrrachium to Thessaloniki. Stephen Hill, [https://books.google.si/books?id=Tq4TAQAAIAAJ&q=These+revolts+are+the+historical+context+for+what+appear+to+be+the+first+Byzantine+references+to+Albanians.+Michael+Attaliates+reports+that+George+Maniaces+sailed+from+Italy+to+Dyracchium,+from+where+he+marched+on+Constantinople.+31+Attaliates+describes+Maniaces%27s+troops+as+consisting+of+a+mixture+of+Romaion+kai+Albanon.+There+has+been+considerable+debate+about+whether+Attaliates%27s+Albanians+came+from+the+Balkans+or+from+Italy,+and+it+has+even+been+suggested+that+they+might+have+been+mercenaries+from+Scotland.32+Ducellier+in+contrast+argued+that+Attaliates%27s+Albanians+must+have+come+from+Albania,+in+view+of+Attaliates%27s+statement+that,+after+the+failure+of+the+revolt,+the+Albanians,+who+had+been+equals+with+the+Byzantines+in+church+and+state,+became+enemies+of+the+Byzantine+empire.+This+seems+to+indicate+that+the+Albanians+supported+Maniaces+as+allies+rather+than+as+mercenaries.+The+issue+is+further+confused+since+Attaliates+reports+the+involvement+of+a+tribe+called+the+Arbanitai+in+the+revolt+in+1078+led+by+Nicephorus+Basilaces,+Duke+of+Dyrrachium.34+In+this+case,+at+least,+there+can+be+no+doubt+that+the+Arbanitai+came+from+Albania,+and,+more+precisely,+from+northern+Albania.35+By+the+end+of+the+twelfth+century+there+was+actually+a+principality+of+Arbanon,+based+on+Kruja+in+northern+Albania.&dq=These+revolts+are+the+historical+context+for+what+appear+to+be+the+first+Byzantine+references+to+Albanians.+Michael+Attaliates+reports+that+George+Maniaces+sailed+from+Italy+to+Dyracchium,+from+where+he+marched+on+Constantinople.+31+Attaliates+describes+Maniaces%27s+troops+as+consisting+of+a+mixture+of+Romaion+kai+Albanon.+There+has+been+considerable+debate+about+whether+Attaliates%27s+Albanians+came+from+the+Balkans+or+from+Italy,+and+it+has+even+been+suggested+that+they+might+have+been+mercenaries+from+Scotland.32+Ducellier+in+contrast+argued+that+Attaliates%27s+Albanians+must+have+come+from+Albania,+in+view+of+Attaliates%27s+statement+that,+after+the+failure+of+the+revolt,+the+Albanians,+who+had+been+equals+with+the+Byzantines+in+church+and+state,+became+enemies+of+the+Byzantine+empire.+This+seems+to+indicate+that+the+Albanians+supported+Maniaces+as+allies+rather+than+as+mercenaries.+The+issue+is+further+confused+since+Attaliates+reports+the+involvement+of+a+tribe+called+the+Arbanitai+in+the+revolt+in+1078+led+by+Nicephorus+Basilaces,+Duke+of+Dyrrachium.34+In+this+case,+at+least,+there+can+be+no+doubt+that+the+Arbanitai+came+from+Albania,+and,+more+precisely,+from+northern+Albania.35+By+the+end+of+the+twelfth+century+there+was+actually+a+principality+of+Arbanon,+based+on+Kruja+in+northern+Albania.&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiWj9CTqNrZAhVCyKQKHVeNBHUQ6AEIKzAA Byzantium and the Emergence of Albania; Perspectives On Albania (1992)], pp. 53-54

These first mentionings of the Albanians or the Arbanites in Byzantine sources have been noted in scholarship but variously interpreted. According to Ludwig von Thallóczy and Konstantin Jireček, the Albanians were mentioned for the first time in Byzantine documents in 1042. Georg Stadtmüller is uncertain whether these "Albanians" in the army of George Maniakes were Albanians from the Balkans or the ancient Latium. A different interpretation of the ethnicon Albanian linked with the events in Italy was provided by Rusi Stojkov, according to whom these were the mercenaries from Scotland, which is in some sources also known as Albania. Reports by Michael Attaleiates were analysed in detail by Era L. Vranoussi, firstly and foremostly warning that Attaleiates is using two namings, the Albanians (Άλβανοί) and the Arvanites (Άρβανίτες): first addressing to the Byzantine detachments in Italy, and the second for rebel detachments of Nikephoros Basilakios. She strongly doubts that the first terminology is addressing to the Albanians from Balkans and thinks that it derives from Latin word albanus, albania, which stands for foreigner, foreign land. Michael Attaleiates, according to her opinion, meant Normans or Franks, which already after the 1017 had begun arriving to Italy. Contrary to this, Alain Ducellier sees the Albanians from Balkans in the army of George Maniakes and concludes that they were mentioned for the first time in 1040. If there are disputes among historians about the interpretation of the Albanian name in relation to Byzantine troops in Italy, then on the other hand it is widely accepted that the mentioning of Arvanites in rebellious army of Nikephoros Basilakios (1078) refers to the Albanians from the Balkans.

https://www.persee.fr/doc/iliri_1727-2548_2015_num_39_1_2497 http://www.anubih.ba/godisnjak/izdanja/Godisnjak%2038.pdf

South Slavic sources
First mention of the Albanians in Serbian documents is from Stefan Nemanja's Charter of Hilandar (1198) where it stands: "a od Arbanasa Pilot" (and from the Arbanasi, Pilot [was conquered]). The second mention of the Albanians is from the Life of Stefan Nemanja (1208), written by his son Sava, where it says: "a od Rabna oba Pilota" (and from Raban, both Pilot [were conquered]). Next mention of the Albanians is from the Bulgarian charter granted to Dubrovnik by Ivan Asen II in 1230.

http://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/stariSajt/casopisi/istorija_75-76.pdf

https://www.scribd.com/document/317547835/Bozic-Albanija-i-Arbanasi-u-13-14-i-15-veku-pdf

Arbën/Arbër
Gheg Alb. Arbën and from here Arbëni, arbënisht, and Tosk Alb. in rhotacism: Arbër and Arbëri, arbërisht for Albanian and Albania, Albanian language, especially in Italian diaspora (Sicily, Molise, Calabria). There is a village Arbënesh near Skadar, according to which Serb. Arbanas and Arum. Arbinés are derived from, not from southern Tosk but only from northern Gheg; Alb. suffix -esh corresponds to Vlach -es. The landscape between Kroja and Elbasan was named by Byzantines Arbanon or Albanon, Lat. Arbanum, Old Serb. Рабьнь. Sound shift b > v occurs under the influence of Neo Gr. Arvanítis from which Turkish Arna(v)ut derives. Demonym Arvanítis did not have ethnic but political and religious connotation during the Middle Age. Another toponym was mentioned in 2nd century A.D. by Ptolemaeus in his Geography, the Ἀλβανόπολις (Albanopolis). Topographical names with alb- root are widespread throughout entire Europe from Caucasus to Liguria and Iberian Peninsula, most likely of Pre-Indo-European origin, and stand for mountain, hill. Scholars believe that this name was adopted by present-day Albanians from another people. Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People, 1999, p. 8, quote:"The name of the river Elbe also goes back to IE. *albh- ‘white’. Its oldest forms in Celtic and Germanic are Albais, Albios, and hence Germanic Albe > Albai, Alba > Elbe, and Celtic Aube (SSS, 3/108). The semantic shift ‘white’ > ‘river’ occurred very early and later river names were also derived from it even when their colour was expressly described with the Elbe (associated with the colour yellow) and the Aube, a tributary of the Seine (green) (Krahe 1962, 292). However, linguists agree that the term Illyrian (?) Albanians (albanoi) in Ptolemy derives not from this stem, but from a pre-IE alb ‘mountain, hill’ (Krahe 1938, 6). This latter stem is related to words like the Alps, the Swabian Alb, Alba Longa, Latin albus ‘white as mountain snow’, Albion ‘craggy island’ (Lambertz 1949,6)." Alexander Rusakov, [https://books.google.si/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&lpg=PA555&dq=The+mentions+of+the+tribe+%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF+and+the+city+(?)+%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82+(to+the+East+of+the+Dyrrachion)+in+Ptolemy%E2%80%99s+Geography+(2nd+century+A.D.;+see+also+%E1%BC%8C%CF%81%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD,+a+city+in+Illyria+with+uncertain+localisation+by+Polybius,+2nd+century+BC)+don%E2%80%99t+testify+definitively+in+favour+of+the+historical+continuity+of+the+Albanians+in+this+territory:+there+are+many+known+examples+in+world+history+where+an+ethnic+or+a+language+name+shifted+from+one+ethnos+to+another.&source=bl&ots=N-qCkk71YN&sig=bpW1npHZ-fHnw-ogGW2Mj_AUVO8&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwju7cbU6N7ZAhVpLcAKHd4lDQkQ6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20mentions%20of%20the%20tribe%20%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF%20and%20the%20city%20(%3F)%20%E1%BC%88%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%82%20(to%20the%20East%20of%20the%20Dyrrachion)%20in%20Ptolemy%E2%80%99s%20Geography%20(2nd%20century%20A.D.%3B%20see%20also%20%E1%BC%8C%CF%81%CE%B2%CF%89%CE%BD%2C%20a%20city%20in%20Illyria%20with%20uncertain%20localisation%20by%20Polybius%2C%202nd%20century%20BC)%20don%E2%80%99t%20testify%20definitively%20in%20favour%20of%20the%20historical%20continuity%20of%20the%20Albanians%20in%20this%20territory%3A%20there%20are%20many%20known%20examples%20in%20world%20history%20where%20an%20ethnic%20or%20a%20language%20name%20shifted%20from%20one%20ethnos%20to%20another.&f=false Albanian; The Indo-European Languages, 2017], pp. 554-556, quote:"The old Albanian ethnic and language name has been used since the oldest Byzantine and Latin sources in the two forms of the root arb- and alb(which form is etymologically primary remains unclear)... The mentions of the tribe Ἀλβανοί and the city (?) Ἀλβανόπολις (to the East of the Dyrrachion) in Ptolemy’s Geography (2nd century A.D.; see also Ἄρβων, a city in Illyria with uncertain localisation by Polybius, 2nd century BC) don’t testify definitively in favour of the historical continuity of the Albanians in this territory: there are many known examples in world history where an ethnic or a language name shifted from one ethnos to another"

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https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004162563.i-211

https://books.google.si/books?id=upUYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=p.+s.+saka%C4%87&source=bl&ots=4nKscbdVjE&sig=ACfU3U3mX6FdRzrwZ2I2NkKzipidR5ivUw&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-kuG59YnlAhVKhxoKHUv1D2gQ6AEwAnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=p.%20s.%20saka%C4%87&f=false

http://rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs/123456789/1601

http://rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs/123456789/1672

http://rifdt.instifdt.bg.ac.rs/123456789/176

https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776522

http://www.etno-institut.co.rs/files/monografije/44.pdf

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fQftU3brcPfQ03rgXt44NkQMsBwNaSwU/view

https://www.serbianstudies.org/journal-archive/2018/5/23/serbian-studies-vol-14-no-1-2000

https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110885934-004

https://slavica.indiana.edu/bookListings/linguistics/Origins_of_the_Slavs

https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:doc-VZPEIBO9

http://www.promacedonia.org/ekds/index.htm

http://www.promacedonia.org/tvet/index.htm

https://hrcak.srce.hr/78375

http://www.vixri.com/d/Trubachev%20O.N.%20_Etnogenez%20i%20kultura%20drevnix%20slavjan.pdf

https://archive.org/details/@krcun

http://www.korenine.si/proceedings.htm

https://www.etno-muzej.si/files/etnolog/pdf/Etnolog_5_6_1933_zupanic_znacenje.pdf

http://www.enciklopedija.hr/natuknica.aspx?id=57564

http://facta.junis.ni.ac.rs/pas/pas2003/pas2003-02.pdf

https://books.google.si/books/about/Istorija_i_geografija_susreti_i_pro%C5%BEima.html?id=IhwkBgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

https://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/djankovic-serbs_balkans.htm

https://www.niod.nl/sites/niod.nl/files/VI%20-%20The%20Background%20of%20the%20Yugoslav%20crisis%20-%20A%20review%20of%20the%20literature.pdf

https://www.rastko.rs/rastko-lu/jezik/hsuster-srbin_l.html

http://www.maticasrpska.org.rs/stariSajt/casopisi/ZMSZS_93.pdf

https://www.rastko.rs/istorija/srbi-balkan/index.html

https://www.academia.edu/37845208/Slavic-Iranian_contacts._Linguistic_relations

https://books.google.si/books?id=9qLYAAAAMAAJ&q=ethnologies+serbon&dq=ethnologies+serbon&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwix2JbM-KPlAhVF6aQKHbydBaoQ6AEILTAA

http://fer.org.rs/fer.org.rs/media/download/95-Du%C5%A1an%20I%C4%8Devi%C4%87%20Crnogorska%20nacija%20WEB.pdf

http://physics.fe.uni-lj.si/members/iglic/history/history.htm

http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/12/SMS_12_Manczak.pdf

http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/En/SMS12/Manczak_12.html

http://imcjournal.com/index.php/en/volume-xviii-2018/contents-number-4/1384-heritage-of-proto-aryan-ancestors-and-noble-warriors-in-central-europe

http://sms.zrc-sazu.si/pdf/16/01-sms16-trkanjec.pdf

http://epa.oszk.hu/02400/02460/00008/pdf/EPA02460_hungarian_historical_review_2014_2_285-311.pdf

http://real-j.mtak.hu/1887/2/HHR2014_2_teljes_A.pdf

https://hrcak.srce.hr/63322

https://hrcak.srce.hr/36767

http://historiografija.hr/hz/1966/HZ_19-20_11_NOVAKOVIC.pdf

http://historiografija.hr/hz.php?god=1966

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10758216.1997.11655739

https://rs.sputniknews.com/analize/202001051121470114-moze-li-se-oboriti-teza-da-su-srbi-najstariji-narod-na-svetu-falsifikovanje-istorije/

https://www.academia.edu/10617610/Teorije_o_etnogenezi_Crnogoraca_i_njena_politizacija

https://www.academia.edu/34645921/Etnogeneza_Crnogoraca_1980#page=3

Arna(v)ut
Turkish, derives from Greek Arnavítis (Άρναβίτης) besides Arvanítis (Άρβανίτης) and stands for Albanian, and Arnautistan, Arnaùtluk for Albania. Balkan and East European turcism, comp. Bulg. arn(a)ut(in), Rum. arnăút, Rus. and Ukr. arnaut. This name does not carry explicit ethnic connotation but also stands for a mercenary and an inhabitant of Arnautistan.

Shqiptarë
The Albanians of today call themselves shqiptarë, their country Shqipëri, and their language shqipe. These terms came into use at the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century. A common belief derives these terms from an Albanian word for eagle, but it is more probable that the original meaning of the adverb shqip (Albanian) is "clear, frank". Thus we are dealing with a phenomenon similar to that of the German word deutsch < diutisc < deot 'people', if indeed it is connected with deuten 'to interpret'. Macedonian form for an 'Albanian' is Šiftar, Serb. Šiptar and šiptarski jezik for 'Albanian language'. According to Sorin Paliga, demonym Shqip 'Albanian', Shqiptar (*sklya-b-) has the same origin as the term Sclavus.

https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/publikationen-demiraj/berarbeitet_shqiptar-the-gene.pdf

http://www.tiranatimes.com/?p=133209

https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/Albania_Academy-of-Sciences-of-Albania.pdf

https://books.google.si/books?id=os9TMERY9OsC&pg=PA349&lpg=PA349&dq=Consid%C3%A9rations+%C3%A9tymologiques+sur+l%27alb.+Shqiptar+%27Albanais%27&source=bl&ots=IJFLmpX4N5&sig=ACfU3U2CoJR2T5t6trt83F8swfV8D-kpyA&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhmJeVkYDlAhXkAhAIHVOpAsgQ6AEwCnoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=Consid%C3%A9rations%20%C3%A9tymologiques%20sur%20l'alb.%20Shqiptar%20'Albanais'&f=false

http://www.promacedonia.org/ekds/ekds_pril.htm

https://books.google.si/books?id=4547DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&lpg=PA189&dq=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0:+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82?&source=bl&ots=53vK07_wLq&sig=ACfU3U1nah0E5_XJg8F5wrzAync0XLX3AA&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjpmLOrloDlAhWtw4sKHYL3Ar0Q6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%3A%20%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%20%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%20%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%3F&f=false

The Illyrian hypothesis
This hypothesis postulates that the contemporary Albanians are an autochthonous population of the Balkans and direct descendants of the ancient Illyrians. It is based on the presumed continuation of the old Albanian name (Arbën, Arbër) and the coincidence that they now live in a part of a once vast Illyrian territory. In one Angevin census from 1330 there is a mention of Albi as the head of 13 Albanian tribes, while Ptolemy's mention of the Albanoi in the 2nd century AD that inhabited a place around Albanopolis (near today's Kruja), in which nowadays inhabitants are called Arbër as are the 15th-century Albanian settlers in southern Italy. This old ethnic name was also preserved among Gheg 18th-century migrants to the village of Arbneshi near Zadar in Dalmatia. This historical combination, which was first formulated by Johann Erich Thunmann in Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen Europäischen Völker (Leipzig, 1774), gained popularity by the 1880s. However, mentions of these names don't testify definitively in favour of the historical continuity of the Albanians in this territory: there are many known examples in world history where an ethnonym or a language name shifted from one ethnos to another. [UREDI] The National Cyclopaedia [https://books.google.si/books?id=I4fpofjI47gC&pg=PA371&dq=The+above+is+only+one+among+many+hypotheses,+of+the+ori+gin+of+the+Albanians.+Some+writers+suppose+them+to+be+the+descendants+of+the+Albani+of+Asia,+who+dwell+between+the+Euxine+and+the+Caspian+seas.+Mr.+Hobhouse,+who+adopts+the+above+hy+pothesis,+describes+the+modern+Albanians+as+a+mixture+of+Greeks,+Romans,+Goths,+Wandals,+Spaniards,+Italians,+Bulgarians,+and+Ottoman+Turks,+and+supposes+the+basis+of+their+language+to+be+the+Sclavonian.+Pouqueville+asserts+the+existence+of+a+belief+among+the+Albanians+them+selves+that+they+are+descended+from+the+French;+and+Meletius,+a+geographer+of+the+last+century,+says+they+are+descended+from+Celts,+who+crossed+over+from+Iapygia,+now+the+Terra+di+Otranto,+in+,+the+kingdom+of+Naples.&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrr4nQjaziAhUxtYsKHRSrAvUQ6AEILjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20above%20is%20only%20one%20among%20many%20hypotheses%2C%20of%20the%20ori%20gin%20of%20the%20Albanians.%20Some%20writers%20suppose%20them%20to%20be%20the%20descendants%20of%20the%20Albani%20of%20Asia%2C%20who%20dwell%20between%20the%20Euxine%20and%20the%20Caspian%20seas.%20Mr.%20Hobhouse%2C%20who%20adopts%20the%20above%20hy%20pothesis%2C%20describes%20the%20modern%20Albanians%20as%20a%20mixture%20of%20Greeks%2C%20Romans%2C%20Goths%2C%20Wandals%2C%20Spaniards%2C%20Italians%2C%20Bulgarians%2C%20and%20Ottoman%20Turks%2C%20and%20supposes%20the%20basis%20of%20their%20language%20to%20be%20the%20Sclavonian.%20Pouqueville%20asserts%20the%20existence%20of%20a%20belief%20among%20the%20Albanians%20them%20selves%20that%20they%20are%20descended%20from%20the%20French%3B%20and%20Meletius%2C%20a%20geographer%20of%20the%20last%20century%2C%20says%20they%20are%20descended%20from%20Celts%2C%20who%20crossed%20over%20from%20Iapygia%2C%20now%20the%20Terra%20di%20Otranto%2C%20in%20%2C%20the%20kingdom%20of%20Naples.&f=false]

Notable representatives of the Illyrian hypothesis are Johann Erich Thunmann, William Martin Leake , Johann Georg von Hahn , Franc Miklošič , Gustav Meyer , Holger Pedersen  , Eqrem Çabej  , Wacław Cimochowski , Vittore Pisani and others.

Arguments in favour of the Illyrian origin of Albanians:

 * 1) Albanians are currently living in some of the territories, which were inhabited by Illyrians in ancient times; on the other hand, historical sources do not speak of any Albanian migration from other territories to the present ones.
 * 2) A number of linguistic elements such as names of things, tribes, people, etc., of Illyrian origin, are explained in the Albanian language.
 * 3) The ancient toponymic forms from the Illyrian territories, as compared to the corresponding present-day forms, prove that they have evolved following patterns established by the phonetic rules of Albanian.
 * 4) Relationships between the Albanian language and the ancient Greek and Latin suggest that the Albanian language took shape and developed side by side with these two neighboring languages on the shores of the Adriatic and Ionian seas.
 * 5) Archaeological findings and cultural heritage (myths, music, costumes, etc.) testify to the cultural continuity from the ancient Illyrians to the present-day Albanians.

''The Albanians. An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present'' by Edwin E. Jacques, often quoted as a reliable source in Wikipedia, is another book which fosters the Illyrian discourse for identity building purposes among people of the Albanian Diaspora, especially in the United States. On pages 37 and 38, the much appraised E. E. Jacques composes a list of twelve arguments, presumably in favour of the Illyrian origin of Albanians, and many of them being nothing but recycled duplicates, with an intention to match those of Gustav Weigand, by which the latter cogently proved that Albanians are neither descendants of Illyrians nor their succesors. These same "arguments" are also quoted in the Origin of the Albanians article, but masked with phantom sources to cover up their true origin from Jacques' book. Thus, according to the aforesaid author, the Albanians would not only make the contemporaneous descendants of Illyrians, but of Pelasgians as well!

However, the reception of Jacques' book was not meet with the same enthusiasm among scholarly circles as it was among the Albanian readership. According to these scholars, The Albanians should not be regarded as a scientific work, but as a popular history instead. Maja Gori, [https://books.google.si/books?id=r9SYDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&lpg=PA141&dq=The+Albanians.+An+Ethnic+History+from+Prehistoric+Times+to+the+Present+by+Edwin+E.+Jacques,75+often+quoted+as+a+reliable+source+in+Wikipedia,+is+another+book+which+fosters+the+Illyrian+discourse+for+identity+building+purposes+among+people+of+the+Albanian+Diaspora,+especially+in+the+United+States.+Reverend+Edwin+Everett+Jacques,+who+died+in+1996+when+almost+90,+was+an+American+writer+and+Christian+minister+who+spent+several+years+of+his+life+teaching+English+in+Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB,+in+south+Albania.+Enthusiastic+Amazon+costumer+reviews+provide+interesting+insights+into+the+current+Illyrian+discourse+in+Albanian+ethnogenesis,+showing+how+this+topic+is+very+popular+among+expatriates.+So+read+some+of+the+comments:&source=bl&ots=PaQrz4m_no&sig=3XgzQxr53ac0ONQKyAjUCxv_jIY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiMgPXZ1uvZAhViCMAKHa56BJIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Albanians.%20An%20Ethnic%20History%20from%20Prehistoric%20Times%20to%20the%20Present%20by%20Edwin%20E.%20Jacques%2C75%20often%20quoted%20as%20a%20reliable%20source%20in%20Wikipedia%2C%20is%20another%20book%20which%20fosters%20the%20Illyrian%20discourse%20for%20identity%20building%20purposes%20among%20people%20of%20the%20Albanian%20Diaspora%2C%20especially%20in%20the%20United%20States.%20Reverend%20Edwin%20Everett%20Jacques%2C%20who%20died%20in%201996%20when%20almost%2090%2C%20was%20an%20American%20writer%20and%20Christian%20minister%20who%20spent%20several%20years%20of%20his%20life%20teaching%20English%20in%20Kor%C3%A7%C3%AB%2C%20in%20south%20Albania.%20Enthusiastic%20Amazon%20costumer%20reviews%20provide%20interesting%20insights%20into%20the%20current%20Illyrian%20discourse%20in%20Albanian%20ethnogenesis%2C%20showing%20how%20this%20topic%20is%20very%20popular%20among%20expatriates.%20So%20read%20some%20of%20the%20comments%3A&f=false Illyrians across the Adriatic; In Search of Pre-Classical Antiquity: Rediscovering Ancient Peoples in Mediterranean Europe (19th and 20th c.), 2016], p. 141 Tim Cole, Political Geography, Volume 16, Issue 7, September 1997, Pages 626-628, quote:"In dismissing ‘scholarly futility’, Jacques finds himself eschewing not simply futility, but more seriously scholarship also. As Forest Gump manages to appear at every major moment in modern American history, so Jacques’ ‘Albanians’ crop up everywhere. Not only are Alexander the Great, Diocletian, Constantine the Great, Homer, Aristotle. Hippocrates, Pope Clement XI and .Jerome claimed as ‘Albanians’ (pp. xii-xiii), but Jacques also claims as ‘conceivable’ that the Magi who saw the ‘star in the East’ were ‘Albanian’ (p.671, and even hints at a ‘possible connection’ between ‘Albanians’ and Stonehenge (p.73)... Such frankly bizarre claims are far from isolated in the text... At a methodological level, Jacques fails to offer a critical reading of sources. Whilst Pollo and Puto (1981) note that ‘no serious data have been collected establishing a link between them [the Pelasgians] and the Illyrians, and the Albanians, their descendants’ (p. 4), Jacques’ homogeneous category ‘the Albanians’ covers ‘Pelasgian’, ‘Illyrian’ and modern ‘Albanian (p. 39). In so writing, Jacques succumbs to an uncritical reliance upon turn of the century claims of ‘Albanian’ Pelasgian ancestry. The stress in these works upon the Pelasgians-and by extension the Albanians-antedating the Greeks in the Balkans, makes sense in the context of Greek territorial claims over Southern Albania. Yet, such a context is ignored. Jacques’ work reveals the lack of a critical reading of sources, which scholarship requires. The result is the construction by Jacques of a unitary, shared history ‘in his own image’. An ‘exercise in scholarly futility’ may well have been preferable."

Note: These arguments have been criticised and rejected by the contemporaneous scholarly circles.

Arguments against the Illyrian origin of Albanians, according to Kaplan Burović:

 * 1) The CENTUM-SATEM argument - A Centum language may give rise only to another centum language, while a Satem language may parent a Satem offspring. Thence Albanian, as a Satem language, cannot be the successor of the Centum Illyrian.
 * 2) Ancient toponyms of Albania - None of the known ancient toponyms found in territories now inhabited by Albanians have Albanian etymology. Local toponymy was inherited in Albanian with the mediation of Slavic, Romance and Greek.
 * 3) Number of loanwords from Old Greek - Loanwords from Old Greek are scarce and had entered in Albanian through a mediator, which means that Albanians did not have direct contact with the ancient Greeks.
 * 4) The path of loanwords from Latin - Loanwords from Latin did not enter into Albanian through direct contacts with Romans but indirectly through a mediator. The oldest layer of Latin loanwords in Albanian comes from East-Balkan Latin or Old Romanian and not West-Balkan Latin or Dalmatic.
 * 5) Romanization - All of the ancient inhabitants of the Balkans such as Illyrians, Thracians, Dacians, as well as Romanians, Wallachians, etc., were Romanized in a thorough way. Had Albanians been the descendants of Illyrians, their language would become Romanized too.
 * 6) Maritime and fishing terminology - Had Albanians been the descendants of Illyrians, who lived at the coast of Adriatic Sea since antiquity, they ought to boost on rich seafaring and fishing terminology. However, most of the Albanian maritime expressions is not theirs but borrowed from other languages.
 * 7) Lack of mention of Albanians in Early Middle Ages on the territories they now occupy - Had Albanians been the descendants of Illyrians, they ought to be mentioned in Byzantine documents at an early date. However, they enter the historical stage very late despite the frequency of documents from 4th century onwards.
 * 8) Nomos Georgikos - An official Byzantine agrarian law dating to the mid-8th century. All peoples of the Balkans, especially those from Praevalitana (including parts of present-day Albania), are mentioned in it. Had Albanians lived there at that time, they would not remain unmentioned.
 * 9) Parallels between Albanian language and Balto-Slavic languages - There are so many similarities between Albanian and Lithuanian, that the two languages must have been related at a certain period of history. Eqrem Çabej was of an opinion that the Albanian appellative balto and the hydronym Deti Baltik originate from Albanian language.
 * 10) Rumanian-Albanian parallels - Rumanian-Albanian concordances are numerous and many-folded. They are not reduced to vocabulary or grammar only but can be discerned in other forms and phenomena of their existence. This leads to the conclusion that the Albanian must had developed in close proximity of Proto-Rumanian.
 * 11) Lack of vestiges of the Old Dalmatian influence - Had Albanians been the descendants of Illyrians, Latin words of Albanian language, from the times when the Dalmatic language became Romanized, ought to have the features of the Old Dalmatic language.
 * 12) Celtic elements with the Albanians - There are Celtic influences to be found among Albanians, not only in language but in ethnography, folklore and national costume as well. Lack of Illyrian traits and the presence of Celtic proves to the fact that the Albanoi were not an Illyrian tribe, a people who will later become assimilated by the contemporary Albanians.
 * 13) Christianity - Had Albanians been the descendants of Illyrians, they would be among the first peoples to become Christianized. However, there are numerous indications that Albanians were Christianized at a later date.
 * 14) Archaeological and other evidence of material and spiritual culture of the Albanians - There are no material or cultural evidences of an unbroken continuity from Illyrians to the contemporary Albanians. All archaeological findings testify to Illyrian, Greek, Roman and Slavic presence, but not Albanian.

The Thracian hypothesis
This hypothesis has its roots among scholars such as Johann Christoph Adelung and Jernej Kopitar. J.C. Adelung believed that Illyrians were a Thracian tribe and that their language was a Thracian dialect. On the other hand, J. Kopitar found certain linguistic parallels among Balkan peoples, based on which he concludes that the Romanians are descendants of Romanized Thracians, Bulgarians of Slavicized Thracians, and Albanians to be the only Thracians that preserved their genuine language. However, first scholars who scientifically corroborated this hypothesis were Carl Pauli and Hermann Hirt. The champions of the Thracian hypothesis essentially deny the continuity of Albanians from Illyrians and maintain that Albanians had migrated from the East at the end of Antiquity or during the Early Middle Ages.

Notable representatives of the Thracian hypothesis are Carl Pauli, Wilhelm Tomaschek , Hermann Hirt , Max Vasmer, Gustav Weigand , Julius Pokorny , Henrik Barić   , Dimitar Dečev, Ivan Popović    , Gottfried Schramm and others.

The Thraco-Illyrian hypothesis
This hypothesis is a result of a reconciliation between the Illyrian and the Thracian hypotheses, presented for the first time by Norbert Jokl in his work Zur Ortsnamenkunde Albaniens. N. Jokl's line of thought was further developed and supported by scholars such as Petar Skok, Paul Kretschmer, Leonid A. Gindin, Milan Budimir, Rolf Ködderitzsch and others. However, it was later shown that there is no evidence for such an assumption and that there is no reason to postulate an especially close relationship between Illyrian and Thracian.

The Daco-Mysian hypothesis
The Daco-Mysian (or Daco-Moesian) hypothesis was formulated by Bulgarian scientist Vladimir I. Georgiev, who maintains that the Albanian must have developed in close proximity to Proto-Rumanian and that both had sprung in a territory where Daco-Mysian idiom (which he did not group with Thracian) was spoken, approximately Dardania and Western Dacia. Thence, according to Vladimir Georgiev, Rumanian represents a completely romanized Daco-Mysian while Albanian represents a semi-romanized Daco-Mysian idiom.

It should be noted, though, that this hypothesis was also rejected.

The hypotheses of an independent development
Notable scholars that are supporting an independent origin of Albanian are Walter Porzig, Eric P. Hamp, Agnija V. Desnickaja, Oleg S. Širokov,  Kaplan Burović,  Joachim Matzinger, and others. These scientists generally bring Albanian close to Balto-Slavic. An exception is J. Matzinger who sees Albanian as a language close to Armenian and Greek.

Afanasij M. Seliščev, based on careful study of the Slavic loanwords in Albanian language and the local toponymy of Albania, concludes that the Albanians must have arrived from the East and only after the Slavs settled in. Antun Dabinović places the arrival of Albanians together with Vlachs in the 13th century, possibly as mercenaries of Byzantium from Asia Minor or even farther from the Caucasus. Ion Iosif Russu thinks that the critical point for the ethnogenesis of Albanians is the designation of a non-Romanized territory. After a detailed analysis of all the possibilities, he concluded that the only suitable place for the formation of the Albanian nation was in Moldova and Maramureș region where Daci Liberi lived. Therefore, according to Russu, the Albanians would be descendants of the Thracian tribe Carpi, which had migrated from the north and settled in Albania sometime after the 6th century AD. This hypothesis is supported by Sorin Paliga as well. Gojko Vukčević distances himself from the political topicality of the Albanian origin and gives his support to the Illyrian hypothesis. Nevertheless, this scholar postulates that the Illyrians themselves actually descended from the Caucasus. Lujo Margetić postulates that Slavs and Avars translocated the natives along Morava and Vardar to an area at the Danube, in all likelihood to the present-day Vojvodina. There they mixed with Bulgars, Avars and other peoples into a new and large nation, whereafter under their new leader Kuver they went to the south and settled on 'Ceramesian field', i.e. an area around the Škumb river north of Elbasan, which is to this day known as Cermenika. Aleksandar Loma Ivan T. Ivanov, based on certain linguistic concordances between Albanian, Iranian and Proto-Bulgarian, and the Old Bulgarian place names such as Kotokija, Kutmichevitsa, etc., believes that the contemporary Albanians are descendants of the Kutrigurs, kin to Proto-Bulgarians who arrived from the northern coasts of the Black Sea. He notes that there are such Iranianisms in Albanian, which are not found in any other language (Turkish, Bulgarian, Serbian and Greek) with whom Albanians were in contact with, suggesting that these words must be native in Albanian vocabulary. Vladislav B. Sotirović believes that Albanians arrived in 1043 from Eastern Sicily and that their original homeland is Caucasian Albania. Petar Popovski thinks that the ethnogenesis of Albanian Gheg and Tosk tribes should be treated separately, in his opinion, Tosks came from Northern England whereas the Ghegs have their roots from Dagestan in the Caucasus. P. Popovski further notes that the Albanian Gheg tribe descends from Mardaites, of Kurdish origin, who were first mentioned as Byzantine mercenaries in Lebanon, and who were later colonized to Antalya in Turkey, Stara Planina in Bulgaria and Mat in Albania. Đorđe Janković

Ethnogenesis of the Illyrians (under construction)
There are two main hypotheses of the origin of the Illyrians. According to the first hypothesis: the Illyrians were bearers of the Lusatian culture, a group of Urnfield cultures which expanded into the Balkans sometime between the 13th and 9th centuries B.C. from southern Poland.

Before-Illyrians, Proto-Illyrians and Pre-Illyrians

http://dais.sanu.ac.rs/handle/123456789/3954

https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/483786?rskey=cBQCVo&result=2

https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/482938?rskey=1by9Gn

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-for-the-history-of-science/article/beginnings-of-human-palaeontology-prehistory-craniometry-and-the-fossil-human-races/2AE212CF529CCE6E89113B800D1C8BB3

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-ancient-history/immigrants-from-the-north/19B674AD15D9AEA7BA191D497D58D4C1

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-early-inner-asia/scythians-and-sarmatians/BCB2F8F918866A8ACB5F08839B054F18

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-iran/scyths/F11D398C4C24477DD62108CADF364942

https://the-eye.eu/public/WorldTracker.org/World%20History/Rome%20Byzantine%20Topics/Osprey%20-%20Men%20at%20Arms%20373%20-%20The%20Sarmatians%20600BC%20-%20AD450.pdf

https://archive.org/details/NationalismPoliticsAndThePracticeOfArchaeologyarchabook/page/n125

http://w.rcin.org.pl/dlibra/aresults?action=SearchAction&QI=1CC3632D7B1C3F8D57CF1D8D674FD5B9-9

https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/heidhs3989IIA-13_kossinna_urvolk/0001

https://archive.org/details/TheAryansAStudyOfIndo-europeanOrigins/page/n3

http://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=3255

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmv3J55bdZc

http://media.nmkv.rs/izdavastvo/Nasa-proslost-4/Biljana-Djordjevic-Bogdanovic-Keramika-gvozdenog-doba-II-peonije-i-I-pelagonije.pdf

http://media.nmkv.rs/izdavastvo/Nasa-proslost-15/041-48.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/23137226

https://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/attachments/Joseph.pdf

http://elibrary.bsu.az/books_163/N_23.pdf

https://www.toqonline.com/archive/2002-2/fall-02/

http://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp239_indo_european_languages.pdf

http://viminacium.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/files/starinar/Starinar_56.pdf

https://cyberleninka.ru/article/v/eneoliticheskiy-mogilnik-v-urochische-krasnoyarka

https://www.academia.edu/39985565/Archaeology_Genetics_and_Language_in_the_Steppes_A_Comment_on_Bomhard

https://www.academia.edu/31740386/Dmitry_Yakolevich_Telegin_Dereivka._A_Settlement_and_Cemetery_of_Copper_Age_Horse_Keepers_on_the_Middle_Dnieper

https://www.amphilsoc.org/sites/default/files/2018-08/attachments/Reich.pdf

https://www.proto-indo-european.ru/ie-cradle/_pdf/clouds-over-ie-homelands-nallory.pdf

https://www.jstor.org/stable/42930473

https://www.academia.edu/5994694/J%C3%A1nos_Dani_Research_of_Pit-grave_culture_kurgans_in_Hungary_in_the_last_three_decades

Koman culture
The origin of the Albanian ethnos is devoted to a large scientific literature, nonetheless disputes on this topic have not abated up until these times. Significant attention was dedicated to this question by the Albanian scientists. They approach to problem of the Albanian ethnogenesis from a complex standpoint taking into account all of the available adjacent sciences - linguistics, archaeology, cultural history, primarily tying these evidences to the territory now inhabited by Albanians.

For the resolution of this important question, rich archaeological material is at our disposal. On the eve of the last century in Albania was discovered first important necropolis from the Early Middle Age, in vicinity of fort Kalaja at the Koman village. Numerous additional findings of this culture, which assumes its name after the first excavation site »Koman culture«, also known as Arbër culture in Albanian literature, and prospered between 6th and 8th centuries A.D., revealed to archaeologists detailed outlook of material culture of that era, which is poorly or not at all known from the written sources. Material, excavated from these tombs, undoubtedly shows characteristics of an autochthonous, Illyrian and Illyro-Roman culture. Archaeological monuments, according to the Albanian archaeologists (S. Anamali, D. Komata, S. Islami and others), do not show a significant presence of the foreign peoples during Roman period, neither during The Great Migration of the Nations Epoch. Furthermore, material culture of Roman settlers on the Illyrian soil during Early Middle Ages acquired local features. The arguments of archaeologists about the Illyrian origin of Albanian ancestors are supported by ethnographers R. Zojzi, A. Gjergji, M. Tirtja and other specialists. Traditional costumes, religious cults, funeral customs, ornamental motives and many other things are being studied. Koman culture therefore presents a missing link between the late antiquity Illyrians and the present-day Albanians, i.e. medieval Arbëria. Skënder Anamali, From the Illyrians to the Arbërs; The Albanians and their territories, 1985, pp. 100-132, quote:"Archaeological sources which first provided support for the continuity of the population and the cultural-ethnic continuity of the Illyrians in the Early Middle Ages are connected with the «Koman culture». The first finds made in the beginning of our century in the great burial place of the Castle of Dalmace, in the Koman Village of Puka (Northern Albania), from which the name of the culture is derived, aroused much debate about the carriers of the culture discovered in the burial grounds and the time of its flowering. The discovery of a number of burial places, big and small (about 22), the rich inventory of the tombs, the variety of archaeological objects, have enabled the -scholars to make a thorough study of the fundamental issues of the «Koman culture». We think that the arguments brought about the unity and autochthonous character of this culture, its connections with ancient Illyrian culture, the influence of the Roman provincial culture and the Byzantine culture later, about the time of the flourishing of our culture, are adequate in themselves, and have given satisfactory solution to most of the debatable questions. In the case of the Koman culture we have to do with a local culture of ancient traditions, which speaks of a cultural continuity and a continuity of habitat and ethnos. 20 Since the Koman culture developed in an extensive territory, which the Byzantine chroniclers of the 11th century call Arbanon-Arbër, we recognize it as the culture of the early Arbëreshi or Albanians. The discovery of some burial grounds or objects of early Albanian culture outside the present territory of Albania has extended the bounds of the spread of this culture."

On the other hand, Josip Korošec distinguishes two chronologically and culturally separate groups; one that is parallel with Roman civilization, and the other which belongs to the Early Middle Age period. Korošec believes that material from the later period is of a Slavic or Avaro-Slavic cultural group. Contrary to Albanian scientists, Korošec does not find any evidence of Illyrian population, neither does he think its presence is provable. Josip Korošec, [https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-I3LH4RRF DATACIJA SLOVANSKIH OSTALIN V OKOLICI SKADRA V ALBANIJI; Arheološki vestnik (Acta Archaeologica), Vol. 4, Nr. 2, 1953], pp. 234-255, quote:"Tu prihajata do izraza vsaj dva odločno nasprotujoča si stila, ki sodita v različne kulturne kroge in prav tako v različna časovna obdobja. En stil je še izrazito predzgodovinski, mešan z rimskimi elementi in časovno paralelen z rimsko civilizacijo in okupacijo tamkajšnjih krajev, ki je tudi v materialu samem zapustila močno sled v raznih fibulah, a tudi novcih in drugih objektih. Drugi stil pa je veliko kasnejši in spada v zgodnji srednji vek, sega pa s posameznimi elementi tudi v kasnejšo že srednjeveško dobo...Če pregledamo gradivo iz severne Albanije s tipološkega in primerjalnega gledišča, ugotovimo prav tako dve kulturni in časovni skupini. Ne bom se zadrževal na izrazitih objektih rimskega in predzgodovinskega časa, kakor so razne fibule, ki imajo še izrazit značaj predzgodovine, a bodo časovno sodile že v rimsko obdobje (sl. 47),30 dal je izrazite rimske fibule,31 razne zapestnice,32 prstani s pentagramom, z različnimi kamni, z napisi in z raznimi figuralnimi upodobitvami33 itd. Za nas so najpomembnejši tisti objekti, ki sodijo v kasnejši čas in jih lahko pripišemo slovanskemu prebivalstvu. Vendar je še vedno nekaj predmetov, ki jih danes ne moremo točno opredeliti. K temu bi pripomoglo le nekaj sistematično odkopanih in raziskanih grobov...Tako imamo v okolici Skadra grobove že iz rimsko-ilirskega časa; uporabili so jih ponovno v zgodnjem srednjem veku od 7. pa vse do 10. stoletja. Že značaj najdb sam tudi etnično opredeljuje te druge pokope v že obstoječe starejše grobove. Analogije lahko dobimo le med slovanskimi kulturnimi skupinami Panonske ravnine in Balkana." Jovan Kovačević cautiously ascribes part of the Koman inventory to the Avars. Zdenko Vinski sees mostly the survival of the indigenous Romanized population in Koman culture, with specific regional characteristics, which came in contact with Slavic ethnicon. Zdenko Vinski, Rani srednji vijek u Jugoslaviji od 400. do 800. godine; Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, Vol.5 No.1 Srpanj 1972., quote:"Potrebno je upozoriti na nekoliko osnovnih opažanja: Svi barbarski došljaci, počevši od provale Huna, naišli su na starosjedilačko stanovništvo, više ili manje romanizirano, pogotovo na tlu rimskih provincija, koje su obuhvaćale sav današnji teritorij Jugoslavije, izuzevši Bačku, naseljenu tada sarmatskim Jazigima. Većinom su nadošli narodi, ostavivši samo dijelom tragove materijalne kulture svoje prisutnosti, nestali s tog teritorija, jedino su ga Slaveni uspjeli trajno kolonizirati i nametnuti se barem jezično kao superstrat starosjedilačkom, dijelom etnički heterogenom, stanovništvu, koje predstavlja zapravo etnički supstrat...Na istočnojadranskoj obali Jugoslavije uočljiva su dva regionalno zaklonjena područja, gdje, usprkos njihovoj međusobnoj udaljenosti, arheološka slika tamošnjih groblja ukazuje na adekvatne pojave kontinuiranog očuvanja starosjedilačkog stanovništva 6. stoljeća u 7. i čak 8. stoljeće. Ono je nesumnjivo bilo u neposrednom dodiru s pridošlim slavenskim etnikonom, ali je za sada prilično teško pobliže odrediti u tim odnosima slavensku komponentu u materijalnoj kulturi...Adekvatne pojave retardacija s regionalnim specifičnostima poput Istre očito se manifestiraju u drugom zaklonjenom području, tj. u kontinentalnom pretežno planinskom zaleđu južno jadranske balkanske obalne regije, i to u Crnoj Gori, gdje je nedavno otkriveno veoma zanimljivo oštećeno groblje 7. stoljeća na nalazištu Mijele kod Virpazara (blizu Skadarskog jezera). Groblje pripada tzv. Koman-kulturi, prozvanoj po poznatoj nekropoli 7—8. stoljeća (uz ruševine naselja) nalazišta Koman ili Kalaja Dalmaces, smještenog na susjednom teritoriju sjeverne Albanije...U Koman-kulturi pretežno starosjedilačke pripadnosti treba računati i sa slavenskim utjecajem u 7. i 8. stoljeću, ali ondje postoji analogan problem kao i u Istri: Slavene je tada teško jasno tipološki determinirati po arheološkim kriterijima, iako se s povijesnog vida mora uzeti u obzir njihova prisutnost...Bio bi to zapravo radni zadatak budućih istraživanja, dok ovdje samo upozoravamo na nezapaženu činjenicu u jugoslavenskoj literaturi da se na jadranskom obalnom području, uključivši i arhipelag, naziru starosjedilački arheološki elementi 7. i 8. stoljeća, koji su se kako-tako morali dodirivati i prožimati s arheološkim elementima slavenske ekspanzije." Vladislav Popović categorically rejects Albanian scientists and regards the carriers of the Koman culture as "..urban, post-ancient, tardive Romano-Byzantine and predominantly Christian". This scientist emphasizes the incongruity between the bearers of the Koman culture and the contemporary Albanians from historic, archaeological, and especially from a linguistic standpoint. According to V. Popović, Albanian is an Indo-European language with its own vocabulary, morphology and phonetic laws. Unlike Rumanian, Albanian is not a Romance language, but a completely distinct speech which encompasses loanwords from Latin, Slavic and other languages.  Constatations by V. Popović are broadly accepted and supported among the international academic circles.    Nikos Chausidis thinks that the jewellery from the Koman culture contains pagan motifs and iconography, foreign to the Christian Byzantine, which leads him to the conclusion that it must had been brought by barbarian peoples during the Great Migration period. Ljubinka Džidrova advances an alternative, modified interpretation of a multistratified culture. She underlines the conditions, which led to the formation of thematic system after the turbulent Dark Ages within Byzantine Empire, and its subsequent need for the colonization of mercenaries from other regions to defend its borders, similarly to Lebanese Mardaites. Florin Curta postulates that the Koman culture carriers were part of a defensive system, similar to that in Istria and closely related to Byzantium, where soldiers were stationed in military outposts. Florin Curta, Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250, 2006, pp. 96-110, quote:"The picture of Dark Age Istria is similar in many respects to that of the contemporary Dalmatian coast, Albania, and Greece, for which there is nevertheless less information from written sources. Beginning with the late sixth century, the western Balkans seem to have experienced a much earlier phase of that transformation of the settlement pattern known as incastellamento. With the complete abandonment of dispersed rural sites of Roman or pre-Roman origin, the population shrank to diminutive dimensions during the Dark Ages. Occupation was now restricted to a number of hilltop forts, such as Pogradec, Kruja, and Sarda in the vicinity of Dyrrachium (present-day Durres, in Albania), with a layout and social structure very different from the previous urban and rural settlements. However, such forts served a primarily military purpose, namely to monitor key passes through the mountains separating the coastal region from the interior of the peninsula... Like burial assemblages in Istria, those of Albania are often, if not always, associated with stone-lined graves, sometimes with several interment phases and multiple skeletons. This may be, and was indeed interpreted as, an indication that each individual grave may have been used for several members of the same kin group, in itself an indication that the soldiers in the garrisons of forts in northern Albania lived there permanently together with their families. That this was indeed a population of soldiers is shown not only by the relatively large number of associated weapons, but also by many such cemeteries, especially in Macedonia, located on or close to the main west-east artery across the Balkans, the Via Egnatia." From 2009, Koman with its surroundings is part of a joint French-Albanian research program which aims to understand the history of the site from its origins, and to reconstruct its late antique and medieval organization within the broader territorial context. It has been deducted that this culture was not isolated from its surrounding territory but an integrated part of the Roman economic network between Praevalitana and Dardania. The Albanian scholar Etleva Nallbani thinks that the Koman sites were part of a late Roman defensive system in Drini Valley, probably with a garrison stationed at the hilltops. Foreign scholars disagree with their Albanian colleagues about the ethnic background of this culture. Danijel Džino, [https://books.google.si/books?id=6UbOtJcF8rQC&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=Komani-Kruja+was,+in+the+earlier+scholarship,+mostly+linked+with+the+pre-Slavic+population,+which+was+imagined+to+be+the+ancestors+of+the+modern+Albanians+in+Albanian+scholarship.+41+More+recent+studies+show+that,+as+with+the+other+archaeological+cultures,+Komani-Kruja+did+not+represent+a+specific+ethnicity,+especially+not+the+%E2%80%98first+Albanians%E2%80%99,+but+rather+a+specific+regional+expression+of+the+change+in+funerary+practices+amongst+the+local+population,+similar+to+the+changes+in+other+areas+of+the+Adriatic+coast+and,+in+a+wider+context+-+the+post-Roman+West.&source=bl&ots=zWFio7f8df&sig=EZR4KUmZ8vR_4VpxWzu97g-feJI&hl=sl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCvLilm_jZAhUHaVAKHXG6BR8Q6AEIMjAA#v=onepage&q=Komani-Kruja%20was%2C%20in%20the%20earlier%20scholarship%2C%20mostly%20linked%20with%20the%20pre-Slavic%20population%2C%20which%20was%20imagined%20to%20be%20the%20ancestors%20of%20the%20modern%20Albanians%20in%20Albanian%20scholarship.%2041%20More%20recent%20studies%20show%20that%2C%20as%20with%20the%20other%20archaeological%20cultures%2C%20Komani-Kruja%20did%20not%20represent%20a%20specific%20ethnicity%2C%20especially%20not%20the%20%E2%80%98first%20Albanians%E2%80%99%2C%20but%20rather%20a%20specific%20regional%20expression%20of%20the%20change%20in%20funerary%20practices%20amongst%20the%20local%20population%2C%20similar%20to%20the%20changes%20in%20other%20areas%20of%20the%20Adriatic%20coast%20and%2C%20in%20a%20wider%20context%20-%20the%20post-Roman%20West.&f=false Becoming Slav, Becoming Croat], pp. 85-86, quote:"Komani-Kruja was, in the earlier scholarship, mostly linked with the pre-Slavic population, which was imagined to be the ancestors of the modern Albanians in Albanian scholarship. 41 More recent studies show that, as with the other archaeological cultures, Komani-Kruja did not represent a specific ethnicity, especially not the ‘first Albanians’, but rather a specific regional expression of the change in funerary practices amongst the local population, similar to the changes in other areas of the Adriatic coast and, in a wider context - the post-Roman West."

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http://viminacium.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/files/starinar/Starinar_21_1970.pdf

https://hrcak.srce.hr/224675

Anthropological characteristics of the Albanians and the Illyrians
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https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9783110816433/9783110816433.32/9783110816433.32.xml

Somatological anthropology is applied as one of the accompanying sciences to prehistoric archaeology in multidisciplinary approach. It is a science which studies history of a man, its geographic dispersal and its geographically different shapes. Typologically, anthropologists distinguish three main groups of skull form: brachycephalic (short- or broad-headed), dolichocephalic (long-headed) and mesocephalic (medium-headed).

On Premier colloque des Etudes Illyriennes (Tirana, 1972) Aris N. Poulianos stressed the necessity of conducting a systematic survey on the living population of Albania for cross-reference comparison with its neighbouring populations and the paleoanthropological data of Albania. In the following year, in 1973, the first anthropology department in the Institute of History was created, which in 1976 became part of the Centre of Archaeological Research of the Academy of Sciences. Its main task was to demonstrate that modern Albanians were the direct descendants of the Illyrians, who played an important role in history, and that Albania was the centre of the Dinaric race. On the 2nd Colloquim of Illyrian Studies, which was organised in 1985, Aleksandër Dhima, based on the paleoanthropological data of Albania, reported that the Illyrians morphologically conform to Dinaric- or Adriatic-Mediterranean type of peoples. In the A. Dhima's opinion, the hypothesis on the migratory character of the Dinaric type, or those which present the Dinaric type as a hybrid of two completely different types, should be rejected based on the new archaeological and anthropological research. He states that for the territory of Albania exists an uninterrupted development of culture since at least the last stage of the Early Bronze Age and up to the Iron Age, a period which historically proves ethnic Illyrian identity of the bearers of this material and spiritual culture, which means that the Dinaric type must had developed from a local base. Thus, A. Dhima (1993) concludes that the brachycranization of the Albanians developed in dinarid direction from an aboriginal source.

However, scholars have been sceptical towards the idea of identifying Illyrian anthropological type as short and dark-skinned similar to present-day Albanians. After all, the Illyrians were predominantly longheaded people. It is also not true that the center of Dinaric race is to be located in Albania. According to Carleton Stevens Coon, the Albanians are craniometrically close to the Near Eastern brachycephals, especially to Armenians and Lebanese. Eugène Pittard notes that the contemporary Albanians significantly deviate from their neighbours in a way that they are metrically much closer to the Asian peoples (Armenians, Kurds, Laz). According to E. Pittard, the descendants of the Middle Age Albanian colonists in Italy are physically distinct from the Balkan Albanians, which means that they must be of a different ethnic background. Aleksandër Dhima (1993) reports that the

Wilton M. Krogman disagrees with indigenous origin of the Dinaric type and groups it together with the rest of the roundheads to the parent Asiatic source.[304]

Staka et al. (2013) reports that 79,41% of Kosovo Albanians belong to brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic form of head with a mean cephalic index of 84,59.

Rexhepi and Meka (2008) found that 76.9% of Kosovo Albanians belong to brachycephalic and hyperbrachycephalic type of head with a mean cephalic index of 83.9.[292] Staka et al. (2013) accounts to similar results.[293] Aleksandër Dhima, on 2nd Colloquim of Illyrian Studies, based on paleoanthropological data, reports that the Illyrians morphologically conform to Dinaric- or Adriatic-Mediterranean type of peoples.[294][295] Same author also rejects the hypothesis of a migratory and hybrid origin of the Dinaric type.[296][295] Thus, according to Dhima (1993), brachycranization of Albanians developed in dinarid direction from an aboriginal source.[297] However, scholars have been sceptical towards the idea of identifying Illyrian anthropological type as short and dark-skinned similar to modern Albanians.[298][299] It has been deducted that Albanians are craniometrically close to the Near Eastern brachycephals, especially Armenians and Lebanese.[300] Eugène Pittard notes that the modern Albanians significantly deviate from their neighbours, being much closer to the Asian peoples (Armenians, Kurds, Laz).[301]Descendants of the Middle Age Albanian colonists in Italy are also physically different from the Balkan Albanians, being dolichocephalic or sub-dolichocephalic.[302][303] Wilton M. Krogman disagrees with indigenous origin of the Dinaric type and groups it together with the rest of the roundheads to the parent Asiatic source.[304]

Bioarchaeological remains of Apollonia indicate that the Prehistoric populations were long-headed in contrast to the Post-Medieval/Modern population (Schepartz 2010).[305] Biodistance analysis also confirms that the majority of the population from Apollonia were Illyrians with a Greek minority of colonizers from Corinth (McIlvaine et al., 2013).[306] Besides cranial, other osteological material such as femur bone is being studied for ancestral assessment. McIlvaine and Schepartz (2015) reported significant femoral shape variation in Albania between the prehistoric and modern samples, and that the earlier Illyrian populations were not the only contributors to the modern Albanian gene pool.[307]

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321487550_Difference_Between_Neanderthals_and_Homo_Sapiens

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332737688_Race_as_Social_Construct

DOI: 10.3390/psych1010011

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2086518-game-of-bones-first-europeans-shifting-fortunes-found-in-dna/

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2086518-game-of-bones-first-europeans-shifting-fortunes-found-in-dna/

https://www.ft.com/content/a35366dc-a368-11e5-bc70-7ff6d4fd203a

http://fiorenzofacchini.altervista.org/articoli/Avvenire_20180610_A24_0.pdf

https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/800/1*iYA5-HLZjLYqb0xFlH1fgg.png

https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6598

https://peerj.com/articles/6598/

Genetic studies
Despite belonging to a separate Indo-European language family branch, the Albanians do not show any genetic differences from the rest of the European population (Belledi et al., 2000). The Arbereshe of Calabria attest a tight relationship with modern Albanian populations—the most likely candidate source being Tosks—and show relatively low levels of admixture with Italian local groups. As for Sicilian Arbereshe, composite founder events (involving population replacements) and/or lower pressures of linguistic and geographic barriers may be hypothesized to account for partial similarities with Greek populations as well as for the higher levels of local admixture (Sarno et al., 2016). Geostatistical analysis of main Y-STR-haplotype groups in Europe shows affinity of Albanian cluster with the region of Anatolia and the border region of Latvia, Belarus, and the Russian Federation (Amalia Diaz-Lacava et al., 2011). Peter Ralph and Graham Cooper (2013) find that the Albanians sprung from a very small population which spread recently in the last 1500 years.

Y-chromosome distribution among Albanian groups:
Ferri et al., 2010 Peričić et al., 2005 Battaglia et al., 2009

http://www.ptantropologiczne.pl/en/ckfinder/userfiles/images/AR/190918-56-27-02.pdf

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.007

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0176985

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2076477-mystery-invaders-conquered-europe-at-the-end-of-last-ice-age/

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.007

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000285

Origin of the Albanians, as famously presented at Wikipedia
1. The article Hypotheses of the origin of the Albanians is a rational response to the from Wikipedia where it stood: The origin of the Albanians has been for some time a matter of dispute among historians. Contemporary historians conclude that the Albanians are descendants of populations of the prehistoric Balkans, such as the Illyrians, Dacians or Thracians. ... and still stands: The theory that Albanians were related to the Illyrians was proposed for the first time by the Swedish[53] historian Johann Erich Thunmann in 1774.[54] The scholars who advocate an Illyrian origin are numerous. We should also mention the article where something similar is written: There are various modern historians and linguists believe that modern Albanian language might have descended from a southern Illyrian dialect[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][excessive citations]... Nevertheless, one of the most renown Albanian scholars,, observed the situation long ago quite differently from the above statements: For the scholars of the past century the thesis that Albanians are autochthonous in Albania since the Antiquity was self-understood, so was it accepted a priori. Opposite to it is the stand taken by many scholars and especially their new generation in this century. For some historians and many linguists the Albanians are not autochthonous.

2. Under strangely titled "References to people of unknown ethnicity in antiquity and the Early Middle Ages" sub-section there is a claim that Polybius supposedly mentions an island in 2nd century B.C. by the name Arbon: In the 2nd century BC, the History of the World written by Polybius, mentions a location named Arbon (Greek: Ἄρβων; Latinised form: Arbo)[24][25] that was perhaps an island[26][non-primary source needed] in Liburnia or another location within Illyria.[citation needed] ... and repeated in the article, for example: The toponym Arbon (Greek: Ἄρβων or Ἀρβών) [9] or Arbo[10] (Greek: Άρβωνα)[11] is mentioned by Polybius in the History of the World (2nd century BC). It was perhaps an island[12] in Liburnia or another location within Illyria. In clarification of the above statements, what is meant under "Arbon, Arbo" is the island Rab, located in north-western Croatia near Istria. Secondly, Polybius does not mention any island but a mainland location Arbon in Dalmatia that is near Hvar (Pharos), and which is most likely a corruption from Narbon or Narona, Narrona. Thirdly, ancient place names Arba, Arva, Arbia are mentioned by Ptolemy and Pliny the Elder, and in Tabula Peutingeriana. In the 10th century, the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus calls it Arbe, the form later taken over by the Italian language. The Croatian name Rab was first mentioned in 1446, in a document on the establishment of the Franciscan monastery of St. Euphemia in Kampor. And lastly, if these are references to the peoples of an unknown identity, then it follows that they are neither the predecessors of Albanians, proto-Albanians, pre-Albanians nor any other X-Albanians down to Amoeba Proteus!

3. These clever Albanian editors (fabricators) from Wikipedia can't even get right the most fundamental basics, such as when were Illyrians mentioned for the first and the last time in historical records: The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from the Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC that describes coastal passages in the Mediterranean... The term "Illyrians" last appears in the historical record in the 7th century, referring to a Byzantine garrison operating within the former Roman province of Illyricum.[7] https://www.persee.fr/doc/dha_0755-7256_2014_num_40_2_3944 An Albanian prehistorian Selim Islami explains that the Illyrians were mentioned for the first time in 5th century B.C. by Herodotus, not 4th as fallsely stated! Another Albanian archaeologist, Skënder Anamali, thinks that the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in Ecclesiastical History by Evagrius from the 6th century A.D., although it should be noted that these references do not have an ethnic connotation but refer to Illyrian bishops instead, territorial-administrative entity. We come across the last Illyrians in onomastics in the first half of the 3rd century A.D., which leaves a void of approximately eight centuries since the evanescence of Illyrians and the first appearance of Albanians in the 11th century A.D. According to Sorin Paliga, the Illyrian language became fully romanized and extinct already by the 2nd century A.D.

Fellow readership is also invited to check the page 130 from citation [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illyrians#CITEREFSchaefer2008 nr. 7], or any other page of that book, and see for themselves that the author does not in any way state that the Illyrians were mentioned for the last time in historical documents in the 7th century A.D. This is a pure construct made by some Albanian editor who scribbled that part of the text, in the article, and which exists only in his fantasy world.