Malaysia Airlines Flight 17



Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17/MAS17) was a Malaysian Airlines passenger flight that was shot down in eastern Ukraine on July 17, 2014, killing all 298 people on board.

The plane fell near Hrabove in Donetsk Oblast — territory controlled by pro-Russian separatists at the time. It is widely assumed that the plane was shot down by the pro-Russian separatists in the Donetsk oblast using a "Buk" surface-to-air missile system (such systems are used by both Russian and Ukrainian armed forces).

Details of the accident
The nature of the disaster led to all parties shifting blame to each other, with different degrees of validity.

While the mainstream Western and Ukrainian media have resoundingly agreed on the details of the crash, the Russian media was saturated with different alternative versions of the events, which usually blamed the Ukrainian military for taking down the plane. China also attempted to challenge the version of the events.

Did the separatists have a Buk SAM system?
After the MH17 crash took place, several Russian media outlets denied that the pro-Russian forces had access to a Buk missile system, which is the only type of locally available SAM system that could have shot down a plane at commercial airliner cruising altitude. However, these articles contradict earlier ones from other pro-Russian sources, in which the separatists claimed they had captured a Buk complex or parts thereof. There is also evidence of Buks crossing Russian-Ukrainian borders.

Phone call intercepts
The Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) leaked videos with alleged recordings of the phone calls between the separatists shortly after the events. In the video, the separatists admit that they took down a civilian airplane.

This video was quickly declared "fake" on the basis of its "creation date" tag showing a date one day before the plane crashed. This argument turned out to be false, as the mistaken creation date turned out to be a bug in YouTube, which affected all videos.

Russian Ministry of Defense claims
On July 21st, the Russian Ministry of Defense issued a briefing on the MH17 accident. According to them, the plane was shot down from a Ukrainian-controlled SAM 50 kilometers east to Donetsk and 8 km south to Shakhtarsk. However, third-party attempts to determine the firing location based on the photos available contradict these claims.

Another claim presented during the briefing is that the Russian radars detected a Ukrainian Su-25 close air support aircraft briefly following the Malaysian plane at a distance of 3-5 kilometers, which could only work if the jet defied physics. Anonymous editors with Russian IP addresses promptly edited the Wikipedia article for the Su-25 to claim it could fly higher and faster than it actually can. Conspiracy theorists quickly took over these Russian claims.

Apart from Ukraine having no motive (the world already supported them) it's technically impossible to shoot down an airliner at 10km with a Su-25. The Su-25 is a close air support aircraft (NOT a fighter) made by the Russian design bureau Sukhoi and in use by Russia and Ukraine (the Russian equivalent of the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II). Its maximum altitude is 7km, without weapons. Armed, the maximum altitude is 5km. Furthermore the Su-25, being a low altitude ground attack plane, is terribly unsuited for shooting down planes. Being a ground attack plane, the Su-25 doesn't have a radar suitable for air interception and the only air-to-air weapons it carries are for short range self defense. The Su-25 is also subsonic and too slow to intercept an airliner. If Russia or Ukraine would have wanted to shoot down an airliner with a combat aircraft, the Su-25 would be the last choice. Both have aircraft in their inventory such as the Su-27 and MiG-29 that actually are fighters and could easily do it.

Russia and conspiracy theorists show pictures of MH17 parts with holes as evidence that combat aircraft shot it down, claiming these would have been caused by the 30mm cannon of a combat aircraft. The holes however are different in size and even the biggest ones are too small for a 30mm cannon. They also have no knowledge of how surface-to air-missiles such as a Buk function. These don't hit the target; they have a high explosive fragmentation warhead (HE-FRAG) which explodes close to the target and then sprays the target with an enormous number of fragments. The result is the damage as seen on the debris.

During the commentary after the briefing, the Chief of Staff of the Russian Air Force also mentioned that the videos showing a Buk being moved towards the Russian border after the accident were actually taken in the Ukraine-controlled city of Krasnoarmeysk. The claim relied on the misinterpretation of a billboard in the video — the commentary claimed the billboard advertised a car shop at a 34 Dnepropetrovskaya St., while the actual billboard had no such text. Also, trolley bus wires are visible in the video, while the city of Krasnoarmeysk has no trolley bus system.

Wacky conspiracy theories
Some of the more outlandish theories claim that the plane was initially filled with corpses (which was lampooned by The Daily Show ), or that the MH17 plane was the same one as the missing flight 370, or that the CIA blew up/shot down the plane in a false flag operation (or vice versa: the rebels were originally planning to shoot down a Russian airliner in order to pin it on Ukraine, rather than by accident ).

The criminal cases
The ongoing criminal investigation by the Dutch-led joint investigation team (JIT) has so far charged four men in the downing of MH17 as of June 2019:
 * (a.k.a., Igor Ivanovich Strelkov) — a former colonel in Russia's FSB intelligence service. He was the highest known military officer in the area of the downing and is alleged to have had direct contact with Russia at that time. Shortly after the plane was downed, Girkin posted on VKontakte that "we just downed a plane, an [Ukrainian] AN-26". After it became clear that the plane was not an AN-26, he deleted the post and posted a new entry denying any responsibility for downing MH17, thus indicating a consciousness of guilt.
 * Sergei Dubinsky (a.k.a. Khmury) — a deputy of Girkin and a Russian GRU employee
 * Oleg Pulatov (a.k.a. Giurza) — former GRU special forces soldier and head of intelligence service in Donetsk
 * Leonid Kharchenko, a Ukrainian national

In November 2019, the JIT has alleged that a top aide of Vladimir Putin was in direct contact with rebel leaders on a regular basis. The JIT has also alleged that the Kremlin knew what was going on in Ukraine and had influence over "administrative, financial and military matters". The JIT has named two high-level Russian officials were directing the separatists who were linked to the attack: In 2023, Dutch prosecutors also stated that it was strong evidence that Putin had made a direct order to supply surface-to-air missiles used in the downing of MH17, but that the evidence was insufficiently concrete to prosecute him.
 * — a long-time Kremlin strategist, and a deputy prime minister at the time of the incident
 * — Head of the Republic of Crimea, following the annexation of Crimea by Russia

In 2022, Girkin, Dubinsky and Kharchenko were convicted in absentia and sentenced to life in prison in a Dutch court. Pulatov was acquitted due to lack of evidence.