New England

The geographic region of New England comprises the U.S. states of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. It has about 15 million people. Its largest city and cultural "capital" (as it were) is Boston, Massachusetts, which makes everyone think that all of New England is Boston...which isn't too far from the truth, as the history below will show.

History
In a word, irony.

Medieval times
was a separate colony that (probably) existed beginning in the 11th century, in Crimea. Yes, it was called New England, too.

Colonial times
The first European colony in the better-known New England, Plymouth Colony, was founded by the English Dissenters, a Congregationalist group who felt that the Church of England wasn't going far enough in purging those pesky Catholic traditions from jolly old England. Feeling that the motherland was a lost cause, a group first emigrated to the Netherlands, but like so many immigrant communities, they became worried about their next generation assimilating into the local culture. And so, a few of those we know as the Pilgrims (of Thanksgiving fame), decided to get on board the Mayflower and head to the Hudson River area to start a new life for themselves, free of the "papist" Anglicans and the Dutch. However, the boat got lost in a storm and instead landed inside the hook tip of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Since their charter was for them to settle at the mouth of the Hudson River, which was pretty damn far away, the Pilgrims had to put together their own government, called the Mayflower Compact.

Despite early struggles, the Plymouth Colony was successful enough that, ten years later, a group of Puritans, who shared most of the Plymouth pilgrims' theological views, arrived in the region. This group landed to the north of Plymouth and founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony at the mouth of the Charles River, building their settlement, Boston. Like the Pilgrims, the Boston Puritans came to the New World for religious freedom. And in that, we get New England's first contradiction: the Massachusetts Bay Colony promptly set up a theocracy that denied that very same freedom to anybody who dissented from its religious authorities. The guy running the colony, John Winthrop, wanted Boston to be a "city on a hill" to symbolize the virtue of Puritanism, and to do this, he set up strict standards of morality and persecuted non-Puritans, especially Quakers. Eventually, a number of people in Massachusetts grew so upset with their colony's theocratic government that, in 1636, a group led by Roger Williams left and set up the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, where religious freedom would be assured. Two years later, Thomas Hooker led the foundation of the Connecticut Colony for the same reason. While King Charles II would eventually step in in the year 1661 to prevent the Puritans' worst abuses, Massachusetts remained a very, well, puritanical place, as evidenced by the fact that the only organized witch hunt in the American colonies was carried out there in 1692, and Christmas was banned in the colony from 1659 through 1681, when it was re-legalized by decree of the royally-appointed governor.

In 1686, the short-lived Dominion of New England was set up, merging Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut (and, later, New York and New Jersey) into one colony. Not only was it too big for one governor to manage, but said governor, Sir Edmund Andros, was by all accounts a major-league prick who pissed off just about everybody in the colonies (especially Connecticut, who continued electing their own legislature, which in turn sent occasional assurances to Andros that it did not, in fact, exist), violently alienating the Puritan population with his attempts to support King James II's anti-Protestant policies. The Dominion of New England was overthrown and dissolved in the wake of the Glorious Revolution in 1689, just three years after it was created.

Post-revolution
New England was the birthplace of the American Revolution, between the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, and the Battles of Lexington and Concord. After the revolution, we get into Irony #2 — during the War of 1812, New England, despite having been the first place to rise up against the British the last time, was the region where pro-British sentiment ran the highest. The New England states discouraged enlistment in the US Army, and blocked the use of their state militias to fight in the war. At the Hartford Convention in 1814-15, they denounced James Madison's administration and proposed several constitutional amendments that would have restricted the power of the federal government and the Southern states, which they blamed for the war; while there was not talk of secession at the convention itself, such ideas did exist among the more radical sectors of Yankee society. This time, however, the situation made a fair bit of sense — New England's economy rested upon trade, particularly with Britain, which was cut off for the duration of the conflict.

New England was the first part of the country to industrialize, and with it, it was also the first part of the country to unionize. You can bet that this has colored its politics ever since.

Starting in the mid-19th century, Irish Catholics started to mix in with the English Protestants. Irony #3 — the fact that a region that had been founded as a refuge from Catholicism was now turning into the American Catholic heartland — was not lost on the original inhabitants, who reacted as you might expect, claiming that the Pope was throwing waves of Catholic immigration at America in order to subvert it and make it bow to the Holy Mother Church in Rome. That, on top of the usual racism and "they're taking our jobs!" rhetoric that is usually thrown around by nativists. Even so, New England's reputation for puritanical moral guardianship changed little, with the Catholics making for just as efficient culture police as the Puritans. All the way into the 1950s, the Watch and Ward Society, composed of both Catholics and Protestants, made "banned in Boston" a phrase that people would attach to their books, plays and movies in order to drum up publicity.

Today
The region's Puritan heritage has, today, morphed into social liberalism. The 'Cradle of Liberty' is a Democratic stronghold, and even in those areas that swing Republican (New Hampshire, for instance), the conservatism is more libertarian than Religious Right. This is New England's Irony #4 — that a region that, for all of its history, had been so uptight could also be so remarkably intelligent on so many issues. New England, more so than the rest of the North, was a hotbed of abolitionist and feminist sentiment in the 19th and 20th centuries. More recently, the first four U.S. states to legalize same-sex marriage — Massachusetts, Vermont, Connecticut, and New Hampshire — were New England states, and the state of Massachusetts also provided America with Gerry Studds and Barney Frank, the first two openly gay members of Congress.

At the same time, well, "banned in Boston" sums it up, and if you think that it's any different now, keep in mind that, in the state of Massachusetts, tattoo parlors were outlawed until the first decade of the 21st century, and were legalized only by court order as opposed to legislation. But even then it gets interesting: according to statistics, New England (and the Northeast in general) actually lives up to the family values rhetoric espoused in the Bible Belt far better than the Bible Belt itself does; Massachusetts has had the lowest divorce rate in the nation for a while, and the region as a whole has some of the lowest rates of teen pregnancy and pornography viewership in the nation. (Some of the highest rates of divorce, teen pregnancy, and porn viewership are in the South, so the definition of "family values" starts to get a little awkward.)

And on top of that, there's Irony #5 — the direct descendants of the old Puritan congregational churches, the United Church of Christ, one of the most liberal Christian denominations in America (and possibly the world), and the Unitarian Universalist Church, throwing their support behind gay rights and other progressive causes. From John Winthrop to Barney Frank, indeed...