Nigger

"The Nigger in the Woodpile", an 1860 anti-Lincoln political cartoon.

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“”No Viet Cong ever called me nigger.

—Attributed to Muhammad Ali during his refusal to fight in the Vietnam War.

“”What white people have to do, is try and find out in their own hearts why it was necessary to have a nigger in the first place, because I'm not a nigger, I'm a man, but if you think I'm a nigger, it means you need it.

—James Baldwin

The word "nigger" (often referred to euphemistically as "the N-word" in polite discourse) is a racist slang term used to refer to people with dark skin, generally of African descent. It stems from the Latin word niger, meaning 'black'. It probably came to English via a roundabout route through another European language, many of which derive their word for "black" from the Latin (e.g. "negro" in Spanish, "nero" [not that Nero] in Italian, "noir" in French). Note that not all the romance words listed above are necessarily racist. Sometimes they are the equivalent of English "black", sometimes they are the equivalent of English "negro" — guess where that comes from — and sometimes they are indeed racist but a very similar sounding word is totally fine — just like the negro situation in the 1950s, when that word was fine but a slurred delivery could come off as that other "n-word".

Etymology

Historically, it was a common term to use for referring to dark-skinned folk, along with "negro," and was derived from the Latin word for "black." However, at some point during the 19^th and early 20^th centuries, it came to be regarded as derogatory. The use of "nigger" is now almost universally seen as inherently racist, with the exception being the attempts at reclaiming the term by some African-Americans.

"Negro" has in turn gradually lost its acceptability over the past 40 years or so due to its disturbingly close association with the epithet, to the point that today it's just barely acceptable at all — and then again, only in some particular contexts (usually historical, such as referring to Negro League baseball). Changing attitudes to racial differences furthered this trend, as did the civil rights movement. The continually shifting connotations of racial terms are reflected in the fact that organizations such as the United Negro College Fund and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People continue as respected and decidedly non-racist entities.

Modern usage

“”If you say 'what's up, nigga?' then that's cool. But if you say, 'Nigger!', then I'mma take it different.

—Eazy-E, who argued that the use of the word depends on context

“”Why would you be a nigga for life? Why can't you be a human being for life?

—Earl Hutchinson, berating Eazy for his liberal use of the n-word

Sociologist Randall Kennedy's 2002 book, Nigger, notes that one of the primary functions of the word in its modern incarnation is a way of "roping off cultural turf". As such, it is commonly used in hip-hop culture and the inner city. Frequently, friendly pronunciations of "nigger" are shifted markedly to "nigga," with the missing "r" serving as an important identifier of intention. In such a context, "nigga" can be a way of asserting cultural distinctiveness, while "nigger" remains a derogatory slur.

It has, on occasion, been humorously remarked upon that black people can use the term "nigger", but white people cannot. For the most egregious examples, just visit YouTube and enter "Chris Rock". This apparent double standard has sometimes been played for laughs in some popular culture. In Rush Hour, Chris Tucker walks into a bar and casually greets a friend with "what's up, my nigga", while when his partner Jackie Chan repeats the same thing a few moments later, it quickly devolves into a fight. White American rapper Eminem, who gained notoriety for his use of violent, mysoginistic and homophobic lyrics in his songs, went on record to draw the line with the use of the term especially given his ethnicity. He did however occasionally use it, albeit with the blessing with his black peers during concerts, and has apologised for a tape recording which surfaced in 2003 where he used it in a freestyle performance. Another instance of the so-called "n-word pass" was when actor Leonardo DiCaprio understandably expressed discomfort with using the n-word when portraying a racist plantation owner in Django Unchained, but was assured by co-stars Samuel L. Jackson and Jamie Foxx that DiCaprio's use of the slur is well within the context of the film's story and setting, as mincing it out would make his character look way less abhorrent to audiences.

The South Park episode "With Apologies to Jesse Jackson" attracted at least some controversy for its liberal use of the n-word; it was nonetheless praised by the NAACP for its nuanced and contextual take on the subject matter, calling it a hilarious but good example of educating the public on the impact of racist slurs such as the n-word, particularly its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing it.

Similar-sounding words

Every now and then, there's a controversy where someone gets in trouble for using the completely unrelated and much older word "niggardly", which means "miserly" and has an unrelated etymology. During these flare-ups, groups such as the NAACP, and just about everyone else for that matter, take a hard stand to defend the dictionary and remind people to consult it before getting into a huff.

There also have been moments of confusion when the Korean pronoun/phrase "니가" (nii-ga, you, informal) or "내가" (nae-ga, I, informal) has been misconstrued as "nigger". This has also flared up with the Chinese word "那个" (nèiga or nàge, "that"), the first pronunciation of which is commonly used as a filler word similar to the English "uh" or "you know". These are a couple of those unfortunate coincidences of embarrassing false friends across languages (such as how "embarazada" might plausibly be assumed to be the Spanish word for 'embarrassed', but in actuality means 'pregnant').

As is usually the case, the crackers ripped off the niggers and started using the word, slightly modified for themselves. Much as the blues became "rock and roll," "nigger" has been corrupted as well. As such, a white person who thinks their Snoop Dogg mp3s mean they embrace "urban culture" may be referred to as a "wigger" (or "whigger"), a portmanteau of "white” and “nigger" — someone who is white but who thinks they "act black". Interestingly, racists used to refer to Jews (or the Irish) as "white niggers". And virtually everyone else as some version of the word. Hispanics as "brown —", Asians as "yellow —" or "rice —", Arabs as "sand —", etc. Because apparently it's so hard to keep track of all the various ethnicities they hated.

Unfortunately, some have chosen to make up a false etymology for the word "picnic", assuming (and then telling others without checking their facts) that it comes from "pick a nigger", and then inventing a false origin for the term. Supposedly, white families would choose a black person to lynch while the families enjoyed an outdoor meal together. The word "picnic" has a completely different origin, of course — it comes from a 17^th century (incidentally, a couple centuries before the first lynching) French word for an outdoor meal where, curiously, no lynchings were held. This shameful hoax perpetrated by individuals who are probably well-meaning but very careless with their facts would be merely embarrassing if the history of real lynchings in the United States weren't so horrific. A similar but more amusing thing happened with Christians assuming that "Hello" has something to do with Hell, based simply on sound or spelling, without bothering to check the dictionary first.

The Iranian-American journalist Negar Mortazavi has repeatedly dealt with people mispronouncing or misunderstanding her name to be "nigger", to the point that people have repeatedly suggested she go by some sort of nickname. She has understandably declined to do so. Negar is literally the Persian word for "painting" or "mark", but is commonly used in poetry to mean "the beloved" and is a common female name; it is pronounced "neh-gar" with stress on the second syllable.

Effect

Curiously, studies have shown that the mere use of the word "nigger" to describe a black person can prejudice listeners against that person. In one such study, test subjects were asked to judge scripted debates between white and black contestants. After the debate and before the subjects gave their assessment, an assistant to the experimenters would refer to the black contestants neutrally, negatively, or negatively while using "nigger." Those subjects whose deliberations were tainted by the inflammatory term were much more likely to judge the black debater harshly.

In politics

Throughout recent history, the use of the epithet "nigger" has sparked major controversy and ended many lengthy political careers.

In the Nixon Tapes, President Richard "Tricky Dick" Nixon can be heard saying, "Our niggers are better than their niggers." He also politely defines Africans as "swinging from the trees." (His friend Ronald Reagan, in a private phone conversation with Nixon, also compared Africans to "damn monkeys" that are "still uncomfortable wearing shoes." But hey, at least Saint Ronnie didn't say the N-word on tape!)

In 2012, Rick Santorum may have nearly referred to President Obama as the "anti-war government nig-". Fortunately, he caught himself before finishing the sentence, and conveniently quickly changed the subject. Since then, there has been some debate concerning what Ricky was actually going to say. Some have speculated he meant to say negotiator; however, given the context, this wouldn't have made any sense. Considering his earlier statements about "blah people", it may be difficult to brush this one off. If you want to be generous, what he almost said may have been "negro" instead, not that would make it much better…

See also

• Blazing Saddles — "Watch that 'boy' shit, redneck!"