Red mercury

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α-mercury(II) iodide: not the red mercury they were thinking of

“”To approach the subject of red mercury is to journey into a comic-book universe, a zone where the stubborn facts of science give way to unverifiable claims, fantasy and outright magic, and where villains pursuing the dark promise of a mysterious weapon could be rushing headlong to the end of the world. This is all the more remarkable given the broad agreement among nonproliferation specialists that red mercury, at least as a chemical compound with explosive pop, does not exist.

—CJ Chivers, The New York Times, 2015^[1]

This red Mercury might do quite a bit of damage if driven fast into a wall.

Red mercury is a mythical substance, supposedly possessing massive destructive power. It is sometimes referenced in pre-chemistry alchemical texts, though what substance or process it is a codeword for differs from text to text.

No credible evidence of the substance's existence has been put forward. However, there are theories that it was made up as a scare story in or after the Cold War.^[2]^{[note 1]}

A curious article about an alleged conspiracy involving red mercury, Boris Yeltzin, and various other commies appeared in Pravda in 1993.^[3]

Red Mercury → Red Hg → Red Herring… geddit? And remember, red equals Communism.

Rallying the cranks[edit]

When an official spokesman says, "Red mercury doesn't exist; the whole thing is a bunch of malarkey," you know the conspiracy theorists will be out in force.

For example, for many years the crash of South African Airways Flight 295 off the coast of Mauritius in 1987 was blamed on its cargo of "red mercury" which the apartheid government of South Africa was smuggling in for their atomic weapons program. Even during the Truth & Reconciliation Commission in 1996, it was stated:

Red mercury may very well exist, in fact red mercury does exist, the contentious issue is whether it plays any role in the nuclear arms sphere. There is no doubt that red mercury exists, I can refer you to the original chemical articles on this particular form of mercury, and there have certainly been a number of unexplained deaths in people who've allegedly been linked to the red mercury industry, not least of which was Alan Kidger, but there is no evidence whatsoever that either plutonium or anything of that nature could have caused the Helderberg disaster.^[4]

And what might it be, exactly?[edit]

There's no indication that "red mercury" is actually supposed to be a mercury compound. However…

α-Mercury(II) iodide (α-HgI₂) is a red form of mercury that is very toxic but not explosive. Cinnabar is a naturally occurring red-coloured ore of mercury (mercuric sulfide) which, although toxic, has no known explosive properties. On the other hand, mercury fulminate (Hg(CNO)₂) is a shock-sensitive explosive used in some types of ammunition cartridges, and mercury (II) thiocyanate (Hg(SCN)₂) or "Pharaoh's Serpent" when burned expands into a mass of ash tentacles, similar to but more spectacular than the black snake fireworks that have largely replaced it for safety reasons. And the freaky-toxic dimethylmercury was actually considered as a rocket fuel in the 1950s, but the chemical companies who supplied test materials wouldn't touch the stuff. "Red mercury" is described as a "ballotechnic", a substance that produces immense pressure when ignited,^{[note 2]} and therefore seems to combine properties of several of the above substances.

Wait, start over. What does this have to do with nukes?[edit]

The classical Teller-Ulam design of nuclear weapons isn't known in full detail outside government circles, but essentially it's known to work like this:

Thermonuclear warheads are two-stage devices.
The first stage is a fission explosion in which a high explosive (usually something like TNT or RDX bound into a polymer matrix) compresses a core (the "primary") of plutonium or enriched uranium to create a supercritical mass. Fusion fuels (deuterium and tritium/lithium-6) may be added to the primary, which help to keep its core supercritical longer; this is called a "boosted fission" or (confusingly) "boosted fusion" device.
The radiation (mostly X-rays) generated from the fission reaction in the primary compresses a second stage (the "secondary") consisting of a uranium jacket (the "tamper"), a fusion fuel (usually lithium deuteride, i.e. lithium with heavy hydrogen), and a uranium or plutonium "sparkplug" in the middle.^{[note 3]}

It's this multistage compression effect that triggers a large fission reaction in the sparkplug that allows a single thermonuclear weapon to wipe an entire metropolitan area and then some off the map in one explosion. The point of "red mercury" is that it's supposedly powerful enough to completely eliminate the need for a primary and make it possible to build a very small (like briefcase-sized) thermonuclear weapon. The problem with all this, of course, is that while it's not necessarily impossible to get that kind of power out of a chemical reaction, it's not that likely.

So is it real or not?[edit]

Well, Samuel T. Cohen, inventor of the neutron bomb, claimed it is, but it's not terribly rare for a hailed scientist to become a crackpot even in their own specialty, especially when said specialty is conducted outside the public view (see: Edward Teller; in addition, Cohen, like Teller, was something of a wingnut anyway).^[5] As mentioned above, there are mercury compounds that are explosive, and then there's whatever mercury (II) thiocyanate is.^{[note 4]}

The more likely scenario is that "red mercury" is either a code name for something else (maybe one of those polymer-bonded high explosives used to trigger the warhead primary)^{[note 5]} or a hoax made up to track and capture would-be nuclear arms traffickers.^{[note 6]} The problem is trying to identify a class of substances that has both an extremely high energy density and a very fast ignition despite being strongly shock and fire insensitive,^{[note 7]} and if the Wikipedia article on ballotechnics is any indication, there's little to nothing in the open literature describing such compounds. In other words, if "red mercury" really existed, it would have to be a really exotic substance that not even its creators would understand well. That doesn't usually bode well for the likelihood of a substance's existence.

So… yeah. Probably no such thing. But you never know. It was first mentioned during the Cold War as a myth and that it could not be created or found.

External links[edit]

C.J. Chivers, "The Doomsday Scam", The New York Times Magazine, 22 November 2015
'Red mercury': why does this strange myth persist? BBC, 12 September 2019.

Notes[edit]

↑ One of the more respectable theories is that it was created as a way to trace leaks of nuclear material from the former Soviet armed forces; anyone trying to buy "Red Mercury" (as opposed to, say, yellowcake, which can be used to make ordinary nuclear power fuel) would automatically be a bad'un, making it easy to spot the criminals.
↑ Something like an extremely exothermic airbag.
↑ The exact details are somewhat more complicated than this, but the basic mechanism has been public knowledge since the late 1970s, thanks to a landmark freedom of speech case.
↑ The technical term is intumescent.
↑ And not even necessarily a Soviet code name: It could be an American or British code name, real or planted, whose referent the Soviets themselves only knew through conjecture; it even sounds like one of the British Rainbow Codes.
↑ Or possibly, both. If the phrase "red mercury", used as a code word, appeared in Soviet nuclear weapons literature, then the same phrase, used as bait, would be that much more effective. Those who had ever had even second- or third-hand access to those materials might well think that "red mercury" was an actual substance rather than a codeword for something else, or else would take the phrase as evidence that the putative seller was legitimate.
↑ The US Air Force's experiments with borane-based "zip fuels" is a prime example of just how difficult it is to create and utilize such substances, and zip fuels don't come close to doing what "red mercury" is supposed to do.

References[edit]

↑ C. J. Chivers, The Doomsday Scam. Archived from The New York Times, 19 November 2015.
↑ William Bown, Only fools still hunt for elusive red mercury. New Scientist, 6 June 1992.
↑ Yeltzingate, Archived from nti.org and abstracted from Pravda, 17 April 1993.
↑ TRC Hearings on the Helderberg (SAA 295) disaster
↑ Sam Cohen and Joe Douglass, The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist - Or Does It? Archived from financialsense.com, 11 March 2003.

[3] One of the more respectable theories is that it was created as a way to trace leaks of nuclear material from the former Soviet armed forces; anyone trying to buy "Red Mercury" (as opposed to, say, yellowcake, which can be used to make ordinary nuclear power fuel) would automatically be a bad'un, making it easy to spot the criminals.

[6] Something like an extremely exothermic airbag.

[7] The exact details are somewhat more complicated than this, but the basic mechanism has been public knowledge since the late 1970s, thanks to a landmark freedom of speech case.

[9] The technical term is intumescent.

[10] And not even necessarily a Soviet code name: It could be an American or British code name, real or planted, whose referent the Soviets themselves only knew through conjecture; it even sounds like one of the British Rainbow Codes.

[11] Or possibly, both. If the phrase "red mercury", used as a code word, appeared in Soviet nuclear weapons literature, then the same phrase, used as bait, would be that much more effective. Those who had ever had even second- or third-hand access to those materials might well think that "red mercury" was an actual substance rather than a codeword for something else, or else would take the phrase as evidence that the putative seller was legitimate.

[12] The US Air Force's experiments with borane-based "zip fuels" is a prime example of just how difficult it is to create and utilize such substances, and zip fuels don't come close to doing what "red mercury" is supposed to do.

[doomsday-1] C. J. Chivers, The Doomsday Scam. Archived from The New York Times, 19 November 2015.

[2] William Bown, Only fools still hunt for elusive red mercury. New Scientist, 6 June 1992.

[4] Yeltzingate, Archived from nti.org and abstracted from Pravda, 17 April 1993.

[5] TRC Hearings on the Helderberg (SAA 295) disaster

[8] Sam Cohen and Joe Douglass, The Nuclear Threat That Doesn't Exist - Or Does It? Archived from financialsense.com, 11 March 2003.

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