Conservapedia:Symmetry between the sun and the moon

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Annular eclipses (like this one) do not happen in Conservapedia's alternate reality.

Conservapedia has this to say about the symmetry between the sun and the earth's moon when viewed from Earth:

“”The Moon is unique in the solar system in its large relative size compared with the Earth. The Moon appears from the Earth to be the same size as the sun, in perfect artistic symmetry, unlike any known other planet-moon system. [...] To many Christians, these characteristics appear as "clues" or "hints" left by God for men to discover. [...] The Moon appears to have the same size as the Sun when viewed from Earth. This creates a unique symmetry and phenomenal solar eclipses. The odds of this occurring by chance are nearly zero.

To any good little empiricist, this statement should immediately scream "Bullshit!". There are so many moons in our own solar system that at least one is bound to be more or less on target. So a computer nerd made a spreadsheet to look into this for us.

Earth's moon compared with the sun

We can see a slight variation in the size and orientation of the moon due to a process known as libration.

First, lets get the control defined reasonably scientifically. The orbits of the earth around the sun, and the moon around the earth are not circular, but ellipsoid. This means that these objects will appear larger or smaller depending on the time of year or lunar month.

The figures for the moon are:

Moon as viewed from Earth vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	1738140	405696000	0.49	29.46
At orbital perigee	1738140	363104000	0.55	32.91

And for the sun:

Sun as viewed from Earth vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	696000000	152097701000	0.52	31.46
At orbital perigee	696000000	147098074000	0.54	32.53

As we can see, the moon spends the majority of its time appearing slightly smaller than the sun does when observed from earth. This difference is pretty small though, with a theoretical maximum of 3.07 minutes of arc, or some 10% of the moon's apparent size.

This alone invalidates the point somewhat, there isn't much in the way of symmetry to be had. The whole thing is pretty silly. If the figures were dead on, they might have somewhat more of a point, but the variability puts this firmly in to the "interesting but unremarkable" category of natural phenomena.

Some sour grapes:

“”Of course it's not completely, 100%, absolutely physically identical, and the entry does not claim it is. Neither are perfect twins, by the way.--Aschlafly

Is this characteristic as unique as claimed?

The major part of the claim is that the symmetry, such as it is, is unique amongst planets and that the chances of this occurring naturally are essentially zero. Is this claim actually true? Well, let's have a look at some other moons we know about.

Close, but no cigar

There are a number of moons in the solar system that come pretty close to achieving the same "symmetry", considering the number of moons there are, this is hardly surprising.

Around Jupiter

As seen from Jupiter, the following figures apply to the sun:

Sun as viewed from Jupiter vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	696000000	816520751000	0.1	5.86
At orbital perigee	696000000	740573646000	0.11	6.46

Callisto

Jupiter has two moons that come very close to being the exact same size as the Sun when viewed from the "surface", such as it is. The first, Calisto, is one of the widely known Galilean group of moons.

Callisto as viewed from Jupiter vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	2410300	1897000000	0.15	8.74
At orbital perigee	2410300	1882700000	0.15	8.8

Which gives a theoretical maximum of 2.94 minutes of arc larger than the sun in the Jovian sky, which corresponds to some 50% the size of the moon itself. So, while the maximal size differential is smaller in absolute terms, it is significantly larger in relative terms.

However, as viewed from Jupiter, the two sizes would be visually indistinguishable.

The next moon that comes close is Amalthea, which has the following statistics:

Amalthea as viewed from Jupiter vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	83500	181150000	0.05	3.17
At orbital perigee	83500	182840000	0.05	3.14

Doing the maximum calculations again, we come up with 3.32 minutes of arc absolute which is about 110% relative. This may appear far worse than Callisto, but Amalthea is still relevant to this discussion for reasons that will become clear in a later section, where we discuss the accuracy of these figures.

Around Saturn

As viewed from Saturn, the following figures apply to the sun:

The Sun as viewed from Saturn vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	696000000	1513325783000	0.05	3.16
At orbital perigee	696000000	1353572956000	0.06	3.54

Janus

Two of Saturn's moons come within a minute of arc of being the same size. Both have fairly regular orbits at almost the same radius. The more massive, Janus, has the following statistics:

Janus as viewed from Saturn vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
Orbital mean statistics	89500	151472000	0.07	4.06

So, doing the maximum calculations we determine that in absolute terms Janus appears 0.9 minutes of arc larger than the sun in the Saturnian sky. In relative terms, this is some 25%. The best match so far!

Epimetheus

Another contender that comes close Epimetheus. This moon weighs in with the following stats:

Epimetheus as viewed from Saturn vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
Orbital mean statistics	56500	151422000	0.04	2.57

Giving absolute and relative maxima of 0.97 and ~33% respectively. Not quite as good as Janus, but still visually indistinguishable from the Sun.

Bing, Bing, Bing, Bing!

OK, so we have four moons around two planets that come pretty close to matching the size of the Sun in their respective skies. Is there a moon in the solar system that actually does match some of the time? Why yes, of course there is.

To find the moon, we have to go as far out as Uranus.

As seen from Uranus, the sun has these statistics:

The Sun as viewed from Uranus vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
At orbital apogee	696000000	3004419704000	0.03	1.59
At orbital perigee	696000000	2748938461000	0.03	1.74

Our wonder moon is called Perdita. It's an unremarkable little chunk of rock, discovered in 1986 by the Voyager II probe but not confirmed until 2003. Here's the vital statistics:

Perdita as viewed from Uranus vital statistics

	Mean radius (metres)	Orbital Distance (metres)	Size (Degrees)	Size (Minutes of Arc)
Orbital mean statistics	15000	76420000	0.02	1.35

That's so close that it's well within the margin of error of radius measurement of the moon, and of course the rounding errors in the figures used. It goes without saying that there's no way in hell you could judge which object is the larger with the naked eye.

What about exoplanets?

Well, we're discovering new exoplanets all the time. With our current knowledge of the universe, it seems likely that most stars will have planetary systems in orbit around them, and given the preponderance of moons in our own system, it seems likely that any given exoplanet of reasonable mass will have its own satellites.

It's worth noting that exoplanets that have been discovered so far tend to be large and very close to their stars. This would mean the apparent size of their "sun" would be huge - and as a result for a moon to display such symmetry it would either have to be almost equally close to its parent planet, or huge. However, this fact is thought to be entirely due to a bias in the search methods for exoplanets, which detect large, and close planets more easily. As the sensitivity of the experiments improves, it will probably become apparent that our own solar system and distribution of planets and moons is typical. Given there are two moons that display the same attribute in our own system, doesn't it seem likely to be repeated elsewhere?

A note on the accuracy of these figures

These figures are necessarily rounded, so some error comes from that truncation. A more interesting source of error is the way we deal with the radius of planets, though. In these calculations the planets are treated as point masses. This saves much argument, considering the absurdity of "standing on the surface of Jupiter" for example. However, if we actually take the radius of the planet into account, this helps the case for the smaller moons Amalthea, Epimetheus and Perdita. With planetary radius considered, Perdita is bang on, and Amalthea does better than earth's moon on our crude symmetry metric.

Conclusion

So, what of the original claim? Lets divide it in to two parts:

• "Unique symmetry" - A big fat Bullshit! on that one. It is neither really symmetric nor unique.
• "Odds of occurring by chance: zero" - Again, Bullshit!. It happens twice in our solar system, and there seems no pressing reason for Uranus to share in our "designed" bounty.

So, yeah. Pretty much Bullshit.

Is our moon remarkable in any way?

Gabrielle orbiting Xena: A study in the size of celestial orbs.

Not really. It's singular, but then again Eris appears to have only one moon too, which we all should refer to as Gabrielle. Judging by the other planets in our system, that probably puts us about in the 40th percentile for number of moons amongst planets of our mass class. Other than that, it's just a moon, Still a beautiful, romantic and inspirational one.