Draft:Fascist movements by country

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Almost every country has had their own fascist movement, and this page will focus on those movements.

Afghanistan[edit]

Afghanistan is among a handful few of countries that have had almost no historical fascist/far-right movements, with the obvious exception of the Taliban with their ultranationalism, antisemitism, and ethnic separatism. The Taliban is also the only right-wing group in the country, as many other groups that previously ruled were centrist or liberal to some degree, and since taking power they have banned any and all opposition parties, even fellow right-wing Islamic groups. As further proof of their far-right leanings, the far-right in America and Europe enthusiastically supported the Taliban after their takeover of the country in 2021.

Albania[edit]

As a maritime neighbor and the first victim of Italian imperialism before World War II, Albania has had its fair share of fascist movements. Zog I, the young king of Albania at the time, struck a deal with Italy and the ruling fascist party a decade earlier to ensure that Mussolini and his forces would not invade them. Obviously, his didn’t work and Italy invaded anyway. All this took place in 1939 on the eve of World War II, and after Italy invaded Albania, the Albanian Fascist Party formed and capitulated to their Italian fascist overlords. The party was created by Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs Galeazzo Ciano, who arranged for Albanians to form a fascist party. The AFP ruled Albania as Tefik Mborja led a puppet state under Italian supervision and the party until 1943 when Fascist Italy itself fell, leading to Nazi Germany to occupy all Italian territory, Albania included. The party was replaced by the Balli Kombëtar, formed in 1942 and held power until 1945 when Germany itself fell. The party was founded by Ali Këlcyra and by Midhat Frashëri, and they ruled Albania as a German puppet state until 1945, when German rule in Europe ended and the Axis fell.

Algeria[edit]

Angola[edit]

Arabia[edit]

Arabia (Saudi Arabia and the Arab world in general) presumably had the same Arab fascist movements present in the rest of the world, mostly influenced by their European brethren. Such parties themselves have not been documented as well as in other countries such as Iraq and Syria. While Saudi Arabia itself is not a fascist dictatorship (though it is absolutely a right-wing dictatorship), it does share some similarities to fascist and far-right regimes. The reason for the lack of far-right representation in the country is most likely due to the fact that the ruling House of Saud banned political parties, effectively preventing any dissent from across the political spectrum.

Argentina[edit]

Far-right parties have had quite a few glory days in Argentina, inspired in part by Nazi war criminals who escaped Germany to Argentina so they wouldn’t be sought out by the Nuremberg tribunal.

Native Argentinian fascism emerged during the rule of Jorge Rafael Videla and Juan Peron during the Cold War. Fears about communism and leftists surged in the country, and many people in the opposition disappeared, most likely killed under the orders of the regime.

Armenia[edit]

Australia[edit]

Austria[edit]

Prior to its annexation into Germany by the Nazis, Austria had its own fascist movement unrelated to German Nazism, known as the Fatherland Front. This movement adopted fascism and blended it with Catholic nationalism. This movement gained control of the state, and was headed by Engelbert Dolfuss. The nation opposed the proposition of annexation by Germany, and fought both socialists and Nazis in street wars. While these fascists held enough power in the country, the movement ended completely when Austrian Nazis assassinated Dolfuss and allowed Nazi Germany to annex the country and integrate Austria into the Third Reich.

Azerbaijan[edit]

A handful of far-right and fascist movements have existed in Azerbaijan since its foundation as a free nation beginning after the fall of the Soviet Union. These organizations were predictably anti-communist, Turkic nationalist, and in a couple cases, Islamist. These parties were in part inspired by far-right parties in Turkey, such as the Azerbaijan National Democrat Party, were inspired by the Gray Wolves in Turkey. Both parties are far-right Turkic nationalist Islamist parties.

Azerbaijani fascism also has an anti-Armenian streak, due to the nation’s border dispute with Armenia caused by the Soviet Union and Azerbaijan’s Turkish heritage (defending and supporting Turkey in denying the Armenian genocide). On the Azerbaijani language version of Wikipedia, fascists hijacked the site (much like Croatian fascists did with the Croatian language version of Wikipedia) and replaced political articles regarding Armenia with anti-Armenian propaganda, including denying the Armenian genocide and calling for genocide against Armenians (an extreme case of irony). As of 2025, the Azerbaijani language version of Wikipedia has since been cleaned up and all traces of fascism purged.

Bahrain[edit]

The Al Khalifa family, the ruling party of Bahrain for decades, has been described by several outlets as "sectarian", "feudalist", and "fascist", mixing several different political ideologies while still being right-wing. This is due to the syncretic nature of authoritarian regimes in the Arab world.[1]

Bangladesh[edit]

Interestingly, Bangladesh also has far-right parties present similar to its neighbors India and Pakistan. Various Islamic parties in the country are on the far-right of the political spectrum and operate much like their counterparts in other countries, targeting Hindus, Buddhists, Jews, Christians, and other minorities.

Belarus[edit]

Belgium[edit]

Belize[edit]

Benin[edit]

Bhutan[edit]

Bolivia[edit]

Bosnia[edit]

Botswana[edit]

Brunei[edit]

Brazil[edit]

Britain[edit]

Bulgaria[edit]

Burkina Faso[edit]

Burundi[edit]

Cabo Verde[edit]

Canada[edit]

Cambodia[edit]

Cameroon[edit]

Cape Verde[edit]

Central African Repulbic[edit]

Chad[edit]

Chile[edit]

China[edit]

Colombia[edit]

Congo[edit]

Costa Rica[edit]

Croatia[edit]

Cuba[edit]

Cyprus[edit]

Czechia[edit]

Denmark[edit]

Djibouti[edit]

Dominica[edit]

Dominican Republic[edit]

Ecuador[edit]

Egypt[edit]

Egypt's only known far-right/fascist oriented movement is the Muslim Brotherhood, with its ultranationalism and antisemitism inspired in part by Nazi antisemitism.

El Salvador[edit]

Equatorial Guinea[edit]

Eritrea[edit]

Estonia[edit]

Eswatini[edit]

Ethiopia[edit]

Finland[edit]

France[edit]

Fascism in France was among one of several movements (alongside socialism, secularism, and capitalism) that brewed in the nation during its chaotic era in the early 1900s. The roots of French fascism originate from the origins of French far-right politics themselves, beginning during the Dreyfus Affair from 1894 to 1906, a scandal involving captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish Frenchman who was baselessly accused of treason by giving away secret information and intelligence to imperial Germany. Dreyfus was arrested and sentenced to life in prison and sent overseas to the French penal colony of Devil's Island in French Guiana, where he spent five years imprisoned in poor and terrible conditions. This event caused a massive surge in antisemitism in the country, as a result of Dreyfus’s Jewish heritage leading many to believe that French Jews were not loyal Frenchman and instead national subverters.

Several years later after World War I, many far-right organizations developed while the country was in turmoil, giving rise to what would be known as the far-right leagues (ligues d'extrême droite). These leagues caused riots in the streets of French cities and attacked civilians (many of them Jewish).

French Guiana[edit]

Ethiopia[edit]

Gabon[edit]

Gambia[edit]

Georgia[edit]

Germany[edit]

Perhaps the most infamous country to have embraced fascism is Germany. Nazism is the most infamous incarnation of fascism, notable for its toxic racism and brutality. Despite this, the earliest fascist movements in Germany differed significantly from Nazism, but would lay the groundwork for the ideology. Since the interwar period, fascism emerged from the Völkisch movement, and spread amongst extreme right communities. This period also saw the rise of communism in the country, and the two factions were diametrically opposed to each other. These clashes often led to violence in streets between the communists and the fascists.

Ghana[edit]

Greece[edit]

Grenada[edit]

Greenland[edit]

Guatemala[edit]

Guadeloupe[edit]

Guinea[edit]

Guinea Bissau[edit]

Guyana[edit]

Haiti[edit]

Honduras[edit]

Hungary[edit]

Iceland[edit]

India[edit]

India's fascist movement is primarily Hindutva, a form of Hindu nationalism,[2] was founded by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, a man who openly admired Mussolini's fascism, modeled his views after Nazis, and publicly called Hitler the "saviour of Germany," to the point of lambasting Jews for "failing to absorb into the German national fabric." This means he actively supports forced conversions for religious minorities, something he wants for Indian Muslims as well.[3] Savarkar adopted actual Nazi-like rhetoric, including “One Nation! One Culture! One Religion! One Language!" as the primary slogan for the Hindutva movement, a slogan that remains to this very day.[4][5][6][7] Much like Italian fascism and German Nazism, Hindutva's inception came from the 1920s, borne from Savarkar's deep-seated bigotry against Christians and especially Muslims, all of whom he saw and wrote as incapable of sharing Hindu values, equating them to "cults" and believing that Hindu civilization ends when introduced to faiths which are "altogether different from the Hindu one," as if that's a bad thing in itself. In 1923, he wrote a book outlining his criteria for Indian identity, from citizenship (which he wants to strip from non-Hindus), common ancestry (which he claims Muslims and Christians do not have), and common culture (which he claims Muslims and Christians do not have), all of which must conform to his regard for India as a sacred land on top of that.[8] [9][10]

He wasn't just a blowhard playing heel, either. Whether for attention or out of sincerity, Savarkar admitted to destroying mosques and attacking Muslims with knives, pins, and foot rulers at the age of 12, as a reaction to the surge in attacks on Hindus.[11]

We vandalized the mosque to our heart’s content and raised the flag of our bravery on it. We followed the war strategy of Shivaji completely and ran away from the site after accomplishing our task.

His pamphlet Essentials of Hindutva (1923), written secretively in jail, remains the most influential work of Hindu nationalism. In this and subsequent works, he called for Hindus, hopelessly divided by caste, to come together as one homogeneous community and reclaim their ancient homeland from those he considered outsiders, primarily the Muslims. Savarkar advocated violence against Muslims as the principal means to bind antagonistic lower and upper castes, writing:

Nothing makes Self conscious of itself so much as a conflict with non-self. Nothing can weld peoples into a nation and nations into a state as the pressure of a common foe. Hatred separates as well as unites.

If this sounds uncomfortably close to Hitler and Mussolini's belief that might makes right and violence builds character, and as such, war makes men mighty, that's because it's the exact same thing Savarkar believed.[12][13] organization[14]

What makes Savarkar different from a bog-standard violent crackpot is that Hindutva is popular within India. The Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) is a is a far-right paramilitary organization infamous for pioneering "Saffron terror,"[15] meaning terrorist actions derived from the Hindutva ideology. They aren't subtle: they actively and openly promote Hindu nationalism using Hindutva as the basis for their Nazi-like beliefs. [16] The desire for a Hindu state is inexorably linked to the struggle against democracy and secularism which has existed throughout modern Indian history, and it led to the creation of an organization explicitly dedicated to, at best, an apartheid Hindu state where all non-Hindus are second class citizens, if not outright exterminated altogether. The RSS are so intensely bigoted and so utterly extreme that they murdered their fellow Hindus who practiced secularism and promoted peace. If you're a Hindu Indian, and you use your faith to promote peace, human rights, civil rights, compassion, and empathy for your fellow man, the RSS sees you as an enemy who must be eliminated immediately. This isn't an idle threat. On January 30, 1948, Mahatma Gandhi was murdered by Nathuram Godse, a former RSS member, causing the Indian government to ban the RSS from India and label it a terrorist organization. But sadly, this incident is emblematic of Hindutva's hold on Indian society. Including Gandhi's death, the RSS was banned on three separate occasions, most recently over the destruction of the Babri Mosque, but all three times, they were acquitted and unbanned, allowing its members to deny its militancy. [17]

By the 21st century, Hindutva found its voice in the Bharatiya Janata Party, whose parent organization is literally the RSS. [18][14][19][20] Founded in 1980, the BJP plays host to multiple anti-social and downright inhumane beliefs, all of which were taken directly from the Nazis. In 2015, Sadhvi Deva Thakur urged Hindus to have more children to increase their population and outnumber Muslims.[21] BJP MP (member of parliament) Sakshi Maharaj said that every Hindu woman must have four children.[22][23] This is eugenics, and it doesn't stop there.

On May 2017, the health wing of the RSS [24] Arogya Bharati announced their grand plan titled "Garbh Vigyan Sanskar" (lit. Science & Culture of the Womb), which included giving prescription to those babies of the "intended parents" (ie. Hinduism fundamentalist parents, rich, backing the project) and brainwashing "purifying" (shuddhikaran) for 3 months. These "ubermenschen" über-babies (uttam santati) are purported to be smarter, taller, and fairer. Not only is this exactly like the Nazis, the RSS claims the Nazis got the idea from them. The RSS health wing cited a Hindu scripture called Mahabharata as the source of this idea. Ashok Kumar Varshney, a longtime RSS thought leader and national organizer, says the project was inspired by the advice a senior RSS officer received many years ago in Nazi Germany.[25] In 2015, the vice-president of the Hindutva organization All India Hindu Assembly (Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (ABHM) in Hindi), Sadhvi Deva Thakur, said that the population growth of Muslims and Christians in India need to be controlled by forcibly sterilizing them.[21][26]

The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Centre will have to impose emergency and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilisation so that they can't increase their numbers.
—Sadhvi Deva Thakur[21]

Rajeshwar Singh, who is both an RSS and BJP leader, openly boasted of his intent to “ethnically cleanse 200 million Muslims and 28 million Christians,” in 2014, said:[27][28]

Wait and watch... Muslims and Christians will be wiped out of India by December 31, 2021... This is our pledge.
We will cleanse our Hindu society. We will not let the conspiracy of church or mosque succeed in Bharat… The Hindu wave has just begun. In 10 years we will convert all Christians and Muslims.
—Rajeshwar Singh, RSS member[29]

In 1991, L.K Advani got BJP members to support the building of Ram Temple on the site of Babri Mosque. In 1992, the mosque was destroyed. While they were unbanned shortly thereafter, surely this was enough to stop them dead in their tracks, right? Nope! In the 1999 general election, the BJP won 183 seats in the parliament and formed the goddamn national government, with Atal Bihari Vajpayee becoming prime minister. In 2002, communal riots happened in the BJP-ruled state of Gujarat, leaving 1,044 dead, 223 missing, and 2,500 injured.[30] The person many deem most responsible for this riot was the Chief Minister of Gujarat, Narendra Modi, who was banned from entry into the United States until he became Prime Minister of India in 2014.

Prime Minister Modi is the culmination of a century's worth of anti-intellectualism, anti-secularism, theocratic fervor, cultural exclusion, and social cleansing leading directly into violence. Here's the best example. India loves cows, one of their most sacred animals in their culture. Anybody believed to have killed, harmed, or eaten a cow is seen as an enemy of Hindu nationalists, leading to a rise in "beef lynching" where people are killed for the possibility that they harmed a cow. When he gained power in 2014, Modi campaigned for more laws against against beef and cow slaughter. 87% of the lynching victims are Muslims and 97% of these lynchings came after Modi came into power.[31] The category for ‘beef lynchings’ and cow related violence did not even exist before Modi.[32] Under laws that Modi's government passed, and that he eagerly signed into law, if you were suspected of possessing beef, you are presumed guilty. For example, a Muslim man named Asif Khan was killed in Haryana due to a beef lynching. Was there an outpouring of public sympathy? Nope! Instead, a gathering was held in support of his killers. The man who called the meeting said: "Muslim brothers? What brothers? These bastards are butchers." He was made the BJP’s spokesman for Haryana only a few days later.[33]

Alongside Hindutva, there have also been several instances of Islamist fascist groups, some of which have clashed with Hindutva. An example of one such group is the Indian Mujahideen, which seeks to establish India as an Islamic state much like what happened to Iran after the 1979 revolution.[34]

Indonesia[edit]

Iran[edit]

When I repeatedly describe Iran’s regime as “fascist,” please understand that it’s not partisan language. This is literally the definition of fascism.
—Yara Elmjouie[35]

Iran's indigenous fascist movements are Islamist, though there once were handful of secular fascist parties (however all but one have since become defunct). The last remaining secular fascist party is the Pan-Iranist Party, a banned far-right party currently operating in exile and advocating Iranian/Persian nationalism and supremacy, in addition to irredentism through the retrieval of old Iranian territory as part of a new Persian empire.[36] Even before the Iranian revolution, these parties did not have much ground politically and only had a few seats in parliament. [37][38] After the revolution, far-right and fascist movements in Iran have been overwhelmingly Muslim-aligned/Islamist. The Iranian Principlists are one such example, and while they aren't as outright fascist as their counterparts in other nations (such as the Republican party or Fidesz), they are still authoritarian and far-right to some degree.[39] They embrace a victim narrative about Israeli invaders seeking to destabilize the country, piggybacking off of legitimate war crimes committed by Israel against Iran (such as the murder of a nuclear scientist, which was suspected of having been caused by an Israeli agent).[40] Iran's leaders and their supporters also view the United States with contempt as a foreign invader driving the nation away from Islam (despite the nation not being Muslim anyway) and towards "Western degeneracy".[41]

Common targets of this Iranian movement are Jews[42], though other targets of the movements include Arabs[43], Christians[44], Zoroastrians[45][46], Bahais[47][48], Women, Afghan[49] and Pakistani[50] immigrants, LGBT people and activists[51], Kurds[52], Turks[53], Western-aligned youth, feminists, and America. The anti-American sentiment is especially strong, originally stemming from the Shah's close ties with the West, which angered many Muslims prior to the revolution. A particularly grim example of bigotry in Iran is the deep roots of Holocaust denial amongst the regime's leaders and their supporters, most likely stemming from Iran's close relation with Israel under the Shah's reign. One such example of their extreme and deep seated antisemitism was their holocaust cartoon event, endorsed by the Ayatollah's cronies, and created in response to Everybody Draw Muhammad Day in the West. Many of these cartoons depicted obscene scenarios of Jews creating the holocaust as a fictional event created by zionists, often contrasted with the oppression of Palestinians.[54] The Iranian government also hosted a conference of holocaust denial in 2006, inviting and featuring far-right figures from around the world, such as David Duke, who met with Achmadina (who was president at the time). Among other figures who were part of the conference were Georges Theil, Robert Faurisson, Ahmed Rami, Bendikt Frings, Michèle Renouf, Shiraz Dossa, and six members of the anti-Zionist Jewish organisation Neturei Karta, most notably Aharon Cohen and Dovid Weiss. Neturei Karta were the only non-fascists that attended the conference, simply being anti-Zionist Jews. Cohen and Weiss acknowledged that the Holocaust happened, but “saw it as a divine punishment from god and that it was used as justification for perpetrating bigotry against Palestinians.

Prior to the rise of the Islamist regime in Iran, fascist movements in the country were aligned with the Nazis during World War 2, and one such movement formed as a result of those close bond. The party, named SUMKA, was a neo-nazi party that heavily emulated the Nazi party in Germany. The founder of the party (Davud Monshizadeh) was himself an SS member and fought for Germany during the war. The Shah at the time (the father of the last Shah of Iran) allied himself with Germany and Hitler because of American, British, and Russian forces occupying the nation for their neutrality, ironically forcing their hand in choosing a side in the war.[55]

There have been fears of possible Zoroastrian fascist movements taking hold in Iran (equivalent to Hindutva in India), due to the high influx of Zoroastrian reverts since private polls have revealed Iranians deeply disdaining Islam. Many claim the movement may rise as a response to Islamist fascist movements and replace them once the current regime falls and they can fill the power vacuum. Though this is highly unlikely, it may be possible for such a movement to rise with the right opportunity.[56]

Since 2022, Islamic fascists have been falling out of power. Many adherents of the regime’s ideology have resigned, fled, or killed (such as Raisi). With the massive crowds of secular and leftist Iranian youth and the numbers of protests growing more each year, Islamic Iranian fascism is slowly losing power in the country.

Iraq[edit]

Israel[edit]

A formerly controversial but no less disturbing strain of fascism has taken hold of modern day Israeli culture and society. Buoyed by Jewish nationalism and expansionism, prior to the establishment of Israel, multiple far-right Jewish groups openly promoted Israeli sovereignty over all of Mandatory Palestine and the whole of Transjordan.[57] This was a specific ideology called Revisionist Zionism which promoted expansion through armed struggle. They saw themselves as a "revision" of the "practical" Zionism of David Gen-Gurion, who also wanted all of Palestine (and actively prevented Palestinian refugees from returning), but settled for what the UN originally recommended in 1948.[58] Ben-Gurion was himself an ardent Jewish nationalist, but even he privately acknowledged "The country is theirs, because they inhabit it, whereas we want to come here and settle down, and in their view we want to take away from them their country."][59]

Just about every major right-wing party in Israel either came from Revisionist Zionism directly, or emerged as a result of their ideology replacing Labor Zionism in the 1970s. Their most common characteristics include a desire to fully annex all Palestinian land, racist and dehumanizing language against Palestinians specifically and Arabs or Muslims more generally, a glorification of the military via hero worshipping the IDF, support for war crimes against perceived supporters or members of Hamas, and increasingly violent, if not genocidal language against Palestinians who live in the Gaza Strip.

One infamous party called itself Kach, founded by Rabbi Meir Kahane in 1971. It was a far-right, Orthodox Jewish and Religious Zionist political party who pioneered a modern form of Jewish fascism called Kahanism, which advocated the ethnic cleansing of the Arab population from Israel. It also advocated the establishment of a Jewish theocratic state, a state in which Jews would be the only inhabitants who would have voting rights, directly supporting Apartheid.[60] Kahane was a founder of the Jewish Defense League, which was designated a terrorist organization by the FBI.[61] Kach was banned from running for elections for inciting racism and terrorism[62] following statements in support of Baruch Goldstein's massacre of 29 Palestinians at the Cave of the Patriarchs.[63] But the ideology of Kahanism persisted. The Otzma Yehudit, a Kahanist party, became the ideological descendant of Kach with both parties holding quite a bit of overlap in their membership. Its leader is Itamar Ben-Gvir, who later became National Security Minister under Benjamin Netanyahu, who subsequently formed what many have called the most right wing government in Israeli history.[64][65][66] [67]

The rise of Ben-Gvir coalesces with the rise of Israeli ultra-nationalism, which has now become a core tenant of the Israeli government under Netanyahu.[68] Netanyahu's alliance with Kahanists sparked outraged all over Israel; many feared Israel was on the verge of becoming an outright fascist state, with many of Netanyahu's coalition partners, Ben-Gvir and Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich repeatedly expressing rabid anti-Arab, anti-Palestinian rhetoric that borders, if not verges into genocidal language.[69][70][71] This has led some critics to call Netanyahu the "godfather" of Israeli fascism.[72]

How did we get here? Before the establishment of the state of Israel, it's important to look into how Revisionist Zionism even grew in prominence to begin with. One group that briefly emerged from Revisionist Zionism called themselves Brit HaBirionim, or the Strongman Alliance led by Russian-born Abba Ahimeir. Under the tenants of so-called "Maximalist Revisionism," they publicly and unironically called for "cult of the leader; dictatorship" as major tenants of their ideology, using the father of fascism himself as a direct inspiration. The Maximalists' goal was to "extract Revisionism from its liberal entrapment," elevate far-right leader Ze'ev Jabotinsky as dictator (which he ironically opposed), and forcibly assimilate the population of Palestine into Hebrew society. The Maximalists believed that authoritarianism and national solidarity was necessary to have the public collaborate with the government, and to create total unity in Palestine.[73] [74][75][76][77] BritHabirionim was unpopular even within the Zionist Revisionism Movement; they tried to push the movement into accepting totalitarianism and dictatorship, but some moderate Revisionists pushed back, refusing to give up democracy.[78] Unfortunately, the moderates lost the factional war. BritHabironim became the largest faction within the Zionist Revisionism Movement in 1933, but the BritHabirionim's support collapsed the moment Ahimeir expressed support for the murder of Hayim Arsoloroff, a Socialist Zionist who called for peaceful cooperation and compromise with Arabs.[79] Arsoloroff successfully negotiated the controversial Ha'avara Agreement with Nazi Germany, allowing for the emigration of over 60,000 German Jews to Palestine along with most of their property. Due to owning a Revisionist newspaper which repeatedly insulted Arsoloroff, Ahimeir himself was charged by the Palestine Police Force with plotting the assassination, but Ahimeir was later acquitted.[80]

Although BritHabirionim and Maximalist Revisionism failed to maintain popular support, Revisionist Zionism itself persisted throughout the 20th Century. Russian-born Zionist Ze'ev Jabotinsky emerged as the founder of Revisionist party called the "Alliance of Revisionists-Zionists," as well as its Zionist youth paramilitary organization Betar.[81] Jabotinsky maintained his demand to establish, with the help of the British Empire, a "modern Jewish state in which equality of rights for its Arab minority were upheld." He maintained, however, that this could only be achieved through force, and condemned the "vegetarians" and "peace mongers" in mainstream Zionism who believed that this could be achieved peacefully.[82] While he began as a liberal democrat,[83] Jabotinsky gradually lost trust in the British and moved closer to the far right. He cited Mussolini's Italy as a natural ally against British dominance[84] and he set up a Zionist naval training school established in Civitavecchia, Italy in 1934 with Mussolini's approval.[85] While Jabotinsky remained anti-Nazi to the very end, he maintained his support for Italian fascism. His top rival, Chaim Weizmann, the president of the World Zionist organization, consistently warned of Betar's connection with Italian fascism throughout the 1920s and well into the 1930s.[86]

Revisionist Zionism had its own paramilitary group called the Irgun, out of which another organization known as Lehi (nicknamed the Stern Gang) emerged. Both the Irgun and Lehi were responsible for terrorist attacks against the British to try to expel them from Palestine, supported by Jabotinsky. Two of the operations for which the Irgun is best known are the bombing of the King David Hotel in Jerusalem on 22 July 1946[87] and the Deir Yassin massacre that killed at least 107 Palestinian Arab villagers, including women and children,[88] carried out together with Lehi on 9 April 1948.[89] In a letter to The New York Times in 1948, Albert Einstein himself compared Irgun and its successor Herut party to "Nazi and Fascist parties" and described it as a "terrorist, right wing, chauvinist organization."[90]

After the establishment of the State of Israel, it was the Irgun wing of the Revisionist Party that formed Herut, which in turn eventually formed the Gahal party when Herut and the Liberal parties formed a united list called Gush Herut Liberalim (or the Herut-Liberal Bloc). In 1973, the new Likud Party was formed by a group of parties which were dominated by the Revisionist Herut/Gahal. Furthermore, Jabotinsky's most well-known disciple was Menachem Begin, a member of Betar who not only became a member of the Irgun High Command, but also a founder of Herut as well as the alliance that would later become Likud. Begin, long accused of anti-Palestinian terrorism and war crimes against Arabs, became Prime Minister of Israel in the 1970s.[91] Following Israel's capture of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Six-Day War, Revisionism's territorial aspirations concentrated on annexing all remaining Palestinian land.[92] As Prime Minister, Begin presided over the disastrous occupation of Southern Lebanon, during which between 1,300 and 3,500 civilians, mostly Palestinians and Lebanese Shias, were murdered by Christian Lebanese militias in the city of Beirut during the Lebanese Civil War. This came to be known as the Sabra and Shatila massacre, supported by the Israel Defense Force that had surrounded Beirut's Sabra neighbourhood and the adjacent Shatila refugee camp.[93] Both Prime Minister Begin and Defense Minister Ariel Sharon responsible for the Sabra and Shatila massacre, causing both Begin and Sharon to resign.[94] However, Sharon would later become Prime Minister in his own right decades after, as did Benjamin Netanyahu (who is now Israel's longest-serving Prime Minister), himself accused of committing genocide against the people of the Gaza Strip.[95]

Italy[edit]

The birthplace of Fascism, the first fascist movement was founded in the nation in 1921 by Benito Mussolini as a bizarre blend of several ideologies. All these ideologies were smashed together and melded for a far-right framework, which is why fascism as an ideology is so incoherent and difficult to explain (Italian fascism especially so, since it was cobbled together to include whatever Mussolini thought would be popular after WW1). This included rigid hierarchy, ultranationalism, revolutionary thought, and revanchism/irredentism.

Ivory Coast[edit]

Jamaica[edit]

Japan[edit]

Jordan[edit]

Far-right parties in Jordan are non-existent, with the only party on the right of the spectrum in the country being the Justice and Reform Party, with Islamic fundamentalism as its key ideological tenet.[96]

Kazakhstan[edit]

Kenya[edit]

Korea[edit]

Kosovo[edit]

Kuwait[edit]

Kyrgyzstan[edit]

Laos[edit]

Latvia[edit]

Lebanon[edit]

Lebanon is among the few Middle-Eastern nations with far-right movements, albeit these movements originated from the Christian minority rather than the Muslim majority. Adhering to to Falangism (the fascist ideology originating from Francoist Spain), several parties and militias founded under this ideology gained much momentum and were heavily supported by Lebanon’s Muslim majority. Two coalitions referred to as the Lebanese Front and the Tripartite Alliance, was comprised of parties and militias from the right-wing of the spectrum ranging from center-right to far-right. The largest party, known as the Kataeb Party, was a Falangist party with Christian nationalist virtues, though they were tolerant and even friendly to their Muslim majority countrymen (Lebanon being unique in its exception with Muslims and Christians coexisting and collaborating compared to other Middle Eastern nations where the Muslim majority calls the shots, i.e. Jordan, Syria, Iraq, etc).[97]

Lesotho[edit]

Liberia[edit]

Libya[edit]

Liechtenstein[edit]

Lithuania[edit]

Luxembourg[edit]

Macedonia[edit]

Madagascar[edit]

Malaysia[edit]

Malawi[edit]

Maldives[edit]

Mali[edit]

Malta[edit]

Mauritania[edit]

Mexico[edit]

Mongolia[edit]

Moldova[edit]

Monaco[edit]

Montenegro[edit]

Morocco[edit]

Mozambique[edit]

Myanmar[edit]

Namibia[edit]

Nepal[edit]

Netherlands[edit]

New Zealand[edit]

Nicaragua[edit]

Niger[edit]

Nigeria[edit]

Norway[edit]

Oman[edit]

Pakistan[edit]

Mirroring its neighbor India, Pakistan has had several far-right movements itself. These movements are Islamic nationalists, targeting minorities such as Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, and Jews.

Palestine[edit]

Palestine is among several arab countries with few fascist movements, compared to its neighbor Israel which has more fascist movements. The most prominent example of a fascist movement would be Hamas, being on the far-right of the political spectrum. The earliest fascist movement in Palestine occurred at the same time as fascist movements in Europe, being influenced by their European counterparts. Amin al-Husseini himself was a far-right nationalist who was close allies with Hitler himself, both nations allied against their mutual enemy: Jews. This older fascism fell out of power after World War 2, eventually replaced by its newer modern counterpart with the rise of Hamas from Israeli war crimes in Gaza and the West Bank.

Panama[edit]

Paraguay[edit]

Peru[edit]

Philippines[edit]

Portugal[edit]

Romania[edit]

Russia[edit]

Rwanda[edit]

San Marino[edit]

Senegal[edit]

Serbia[edit]

Sierra Leone[edit]

Singapore[edit]

Slovakia[edit]

Slovenia[edit]

Somalia[edit]

South Sudan[edit]

South Africa[edit]

As a product of its European heritage, South Africa has had several fascist movements inspired by European fascist movements.

Many white South Africans have fascist sympathies, shown by people like Elon Musk doing a nazi salute during Trump's presidential inauguration in 2024, and Paul Furber (a software engineer from South Africa) is theorized to be Q, the anonymous namesake behind QAnon.

Spain[edit]

Spain has a long history of fascist movements, inspired by Italy’s and Germany’s. Beginning with Francisco Franco and the movement of Francoism around him, the group targeted the usual groups (communists, Jews, Romani), though it wasn’t as fervently racial as German Nazism. The movement placed a heavy emphasis on religion, specifically Spain's Catholic identity.

Sri Lanka[edit]

Sudan[edit]

Suriname[edit]

Sweden[edit]

Switzerland[edit]

Taiwan[edit]

Thailand[edit]

Togo[edit]

Tunisia[edit]

Turkey[edit]

As part of its European connection, Turkey harbors many fascist movements that developed within the country, and though most are Islamic nationalists, a small handful of secular fascist parties have existed (much like in Iran).

Turkmenistan[edit]

Uganda[edit]

Ukraine[edit]

Uruguay[edit]

Uzbekistan[edit]

United States[edit]

Vietnam[edit]

Yemen[edit]

As with other Arab countries, Yemen has not seen much success with far-right/fascist movements with the obvious exception of the Houthis. The Houthis are reactionary and tribal (the group being named after the Houthi tribe in Yemen). Their typical targets of oppression are Christians, Jews, darker-skinned Arabs, and Muslims of other sects.

Yugoslavia[edit]

Zambia[edit]

Zimbabwe[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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