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南京大虐殺[edit]
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A view to kill |
南京大虐殺 (ナンキンだいぎゃくさつ) は、日中戦争の最中において、中華民国の首都と特別区だった南京の勝利な侵略と捕獲のあげく、1937年12月から1938年3月の間に日本軍によって行われた戦時中の残虐行為である[1]。
大虐殺の最中において、25万から30万の文民で殺して、2万の女をレイプしたといった[1]。日本軍も男と子供と老人をレイプして、拷問して、切断して、殺した。少し家族は近親姦を携わさせられた。
虐殺はとても恐ろしくて、地元のナチスの指導者が介入して、止めるように決めた。
日本には、この行事が「南京事件 (ナンキンじけん)」という名前である。
概要[edit]
1937年の中の日中戦争において、日本陸軍は北中国に前進して、元首都だった北京を早く捕獲した。上海の捕獲ので、長江に前進できて、国民政府を南京に攻めた。
The Nanjing Massacre is far from the only example of Japanese wartime atrocities; the Imperial Japanese Army encouraged a policy of intentional savagery, hoping the horrors they unleashed would break the will of the Chinese partisans.[2] It is only so well documented due to the presence of Western noncombatants who recorded what they witnessed.
Immediately following the fall of Nanjing, Japanese soldiers slaughtered thousands of Chinese soldiers who had surrendered to them. They then rounded up hundreds more POWs and civilians from the city and transported them outside the city's Taiping Gate to blow them up with landmines or burn them alive after dousing them with gasoline.[3] The following six weeks of Japanese occupation in the city became even worse. IJA soldiers were encouraged by their officers to come up with ever more inventively awful ways to kill Chinese civilians. As Iris Chang wrote in The Rape of Nanking:[4]
多くの兵隊は強姦だけではなく、女性の内臓を取り出し、胸を切り刻み、生きたままで壁に釘で打ちつけた。父親は娘を、息子は母親を家族の目の前で強姦するように強制された。生き埋め、去勢、内臓を切り刻み、人々を焼くことなどが通常のこととなっただけでなく、もっと悪魔的な拷問、たとえば舌を鉄のカギに吊るしたり、人を腰まで埋めてドイツセパードがバラバラにするのを眺めることもした。その様は吐き気を催すもので、街にいたナチスも恐怖に陥れ、一人はその虐殺を" 野獣の所業 "と公言した.
Things got so bad that John Rabe, a German businessman and Nazi, teamed up with other foreigners to establish a "Safety Zone" where they could attempt to keep civilians safe.[5] As Rabe wrote in his diary,[6] he and the other Europeans and Americans lived in constant fear of the Japanese despite being theoretically safe:
All the shelling and bombing we have thus far experienced are nothing in comparison to the terror that we are going through now: There is not a single shop outside our Zone that has not been looted, and now pillaging, rape, murder, and mayhem are occurring inside the Zone as well. There is not a vacant house, whether with or without a foreign flag, that has not been broken into and looted.
…No Chinese even dares set foot outside his house! When the gates to my garden are opened to let my car leave the ground… women and children on the street outside kneel and bang their heads against the ground, pleading to be allowed to camp on my garden grounds. You simply cannot conceive of the misery.
I've just heard that hundreds more disarmed Chinese soldiers have been led out of our Zone to be shot, including 50 of our police who are to be executed for letting soldiers in. The road to Hsiakwan is nothing but a field of corpses strewn with the remains of military equipment. The Communications Ministry was torched by the Chinese, the Y Chang Men Gate has been shelled. There are piles of corpses outside the gate. The Japanese aren't lifting a hand to clear them away, and the Red Swastika Society
associated with us has been forbidden to do so.
It may be that the disarmed Chinese will be forced to do the job before … they're killed. We Europeans are all paralyzed with horror. There are executions everywhere, some are being carried out with machine guns outside the barracks of the War Ministry.
…As I write this, the fists of Japanese soldiers are hammering at the back gate to the garden. Since my boys don't open up, heads appear along the top of the wall. When I suddenly show up with my flashlight, they beat a hasty retreat. We open the main gate and walk after them a little distance until they vanish in the dark narrow streets, where assorted bodies have been lying in the gutter for three days now. Makes you shudder in revulsion.
All the women and children, their eyes big with terror, are sitting on the grass in the garden, pressed closely together, in part to keep warm, in part to give each other courage. Their one hope is that I, the 'foreign devil' will drive these evil spirits away.
否定[edit]
As with a majority of mass injustices, there are those who deny the Rape of Nanjing even occurred. Many officials and historians claim that, while deaths and rapes did occur, they were on a far smaller scale than reported.[1] The heightened problem in this particular case is that denial of this horror is part of mainstream Japanese politics, and is indeed tacitly subscribed to by the vast majority of Japanese. In fact, former Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe (a grandson of former-Prime Minister and unprosecuted Class A war criminal Nobusuke Kishi, a man so brutal his own contemporaries nicknamed him "The Devil of Showa") has been a long-time denier. However, the figure of 300,000, first popularised by Australian journalist Harold John Timperley in his 1938 book What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China, is likely an overestimate. Lewis S. C. Smythe, who was a missionary and professor at Nanking University and also witness the massacre first hand, carried out an investigation as part of his job as Secretary of the International Committee for the Nanking Safety Zone (December 14, 1937 -- February 10, 1938) and came up with the figure of 12,000 within the Nanking SAD and an additional 26,870 in surrounding villages. Smythe's figures are widely considered a likely underestimate today. There are also fundamental difference as to both spatial and temporal boundaries, and whether the estimated 100,000 POWs executed should be counted, in the legitimate academic discourse of methods of estimation. Today's academic consensus is that between 40,000 and 200,000 civilians died within Nanking SAD in the first 6 weeks of occupation, and one could therefore view attempts to put the figure much below 40,000 as "denials".
Former Justice Minister Shigeto Nagano and Tokyo Governor Shintaro Ishihara have called the massacre a Chinese fabrication.[1] Though the former apologized for this remark shortly thereafter,[7] known nationalist crank Ishihara has yet to do so,[8] and in fact has publicly promoted a denialist documentary.[9]
During the Second World War, it appears that Nazi Germany's position was a denial of any wrongdoing, for what should hopefully be obvious reasons. The aforementioned John Rabe was, upon his return to Germany, detained by the Gestapo and ordered not to write or lecture about the events at Nanjing.[10]
As George Orwell put it in Looking Back on the Spanish War: "The raping and butchering in Chinese cities, the tortures in the cellars of the Gestapo, the elderly Jewish professors flung into cesspools, the machine-gunning of refugees along the Spanish roads – they all happened, and they did not happen any the less because the Daily Telegraph has suddenly found out about them when it is five years too late."
他の否定論者[edit]
- 藤尾 正行: 元文部大臣.[11][12]
- 藤岡 信勝: A professor of education at Tokyo University who made an effort to have accounts of wartime atrocities committed by Japan removed from textbooks.[13][14]
- 井沢 元彦: 種智院大学の客員教授、歴史小説とミステリー作家. [15]
- 東中野 修道: アジア大学の知的歴史の引退した教授.[16][17]
- 稲田 朋美: 2017年のスキャンダルので、辞任した元国防相.[18][19][20]
- 河村 たかし: 名古屋元市長.[21][22][23]
- 小林 善範: 修正主義マンガだった『新・ゴーマニズム宣言SPECIAL 戦争論』を創作した漫画家.[24][25]
- 松原 仁: 国立安全委員会の元議長、消費者および食品安全の大臣.[26]
- 元谷 外志雄: 不動産、ホテル親分.[27][28]
- 中山 成彬: ニッポン・カイギのメンバー、元教育大臣.[29][30]
- 西村 眞悟: 元弁護士および下院のメンバー.[31]
- 岡崎 久彦: Diplomat who served in the Japanese embassy in Washington D.C., and later as ambassador to Saudi Arabia and Thailand.[32]
- 櫻井 よしこ: クリスチャン・サイエンス・モニターの元ライターとテレビレポーター.[33]
- すぎやま こういち: ドラゴンクエストとして知られている作者.[34]
- 高須 克弥: ホロコースト否認も参加した有名人の形成外科医.[35]
- 田中 正明: A World War II veteran who was later found to have tampered with his then-superior's personal diary before its publication.[36][37]
- 東條 由布子: 東條英機の孫娘、超国家主義の政治家。[38][39][40]
- 渡部 昇一: 元英語学者、保守的なスポークスマン、大衆文化評論家.[41][42][43]
- 山野 車輪: A manga artist best known for creating the xenophobic, anti-Korean manga Manga Kenkanryu (Hating the Korean Wave), a reactionary piece against the resurgence South Korean popular culture in Japan.[44][45]
- Michael Yon: アメリカの戦争写真家。[46]
中国の遺産[edit]
Since the 1990s, with growing nationalism in both countries, the Chinese government has been just as determined to keep the Nanjing Massacre in the world's memory as the Japanese right are to deny it. Currently, the Chinese Communist Party views the memory of the war and the atrocities as an essential tool to keep the loyalty of the people, almost constantly airing television specials on the subject as well as exhaustively teaching about it in their schools.[47] The legacy of the war seems to be an increasingly important element of Chinese nationalism, particularly when aimed at their regional adversaries. Even more than 80 years later (Xi visited a memorial to commemorate the anniversary), the memory of the Massacre is a major sticking point between China and Japan, this despite warming relations.[48] The official stance of the Chinese government is that Japan has not done enough to apologize. In Taiwan, the pan-Blue stance is similar to that of the PRC (e.g., in Decemeber 2014 then-president Ma of KMT attempted to play the nationalistic card after suffering heavy defeat in local elections in the aftermath of the Sunflower movement[49]), but the current ruling pan-Green stance is to completely sidestep the issue altogether (e.g. current president Tsai's opinion piece in 2009[50] as leader of opposition party) in favour of a closer alliance with Japan.[51]
関連項目[edit]
これは他の言語で読みたいか?[edit]
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脚注[edit]
- The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II by Iris Chang (1997) Basic Books, ISBN 0465068367.
- Documents of the Nanking Safety Zone by Shuhsi Hsü (1939) Kelly & Walsh, Limited. A summary of original material written by independent eyewitness sources.
参考文献[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Scarred by history: The Rape of Nanjing (BBC News)
- ↑ The Rape of Nanking, Pacificwar.org
- ↑ Bristow, Michael (2007-12-13). "Nanjing remembers massacre victims". BBC News.
- ↑ The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II by Iris Chang (1997) Basic Books, ISBN 0465068367.
- ↑ The Rape of Nanking, 1937. Eyewitness to History
- ↑ Rabe, John, The Good Man of Nanking, Erwin Wickert (ed.) (1998); Chang, Iris, The Rape of Nanking (1998).
- ↑ Japanese Minister Resigns After Furor Over Remarks : Cabinet: Shigeto Nagano had apologized for denying Rape of Nanking, guilt of World War II aggression by Sam Jameson (May 08, 1994) Los Angeles Times.
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/02/opinion/l-historical-forces-drove-us-and-japan-to-war-rape-of-nanking-105491.html
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20121122084420/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20070125a3.html
- ↑ https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=127482829
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/10/world/japan-s-education-chief-gets-lesson-in-diplomacy.html
- ↑ http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-09/news/mn-12757_1_south-korea
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1997/08/29/news/in-japan-a-textbook-case-of-truth-and-history.html
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9704/17/japan.comfort.women/
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=jxJ53whlFDYC&pg=PA307&lpg=PA307&dq=Motohiko+Izawa+nanking&source=bl&ots=85H2wOLiD3&sig=3HC_V2_s3xadH3eEY8i1YC2dW3Q&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjFleWA-qbXAhVT9GMKHXxcBToQ6AEISTAI#v=onepage&q=Motohiko%20Izawa%20nanking&f=false
- ↑ http://sdh-fact.com/CL02_1/9_S4.pdf
- ↑ http://en.people.cn/200608/23/eng20060823_296084.html
- ↑ http://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-defense-minister-idUSKCN10F130
- ↑ https://japantoday.com/category/politics/china-slams-inada-for-ducking-nanjing-massacre-questions
- ↑ https://www.wsj.com/articles/abe-protege-with-nationalist-views-is-japans-new-defense-minister-1470227684
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/chinese-city-severs-ties-after-japanese-mayor-denies-massacre.html
- ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/23/world/asia/china-nanjing-row/index.html
- ↑ https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203960804577238802680649914
- ↑ http://apjjf.org/-Matthew-Penney/4760/article.html
- ↑ http://apjjf.org/-Rumi-SAKAMOTO/2632/article.html
- ↑ http://www.sdh-fact.com/essay-article/276/
- ↑ https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/19/business/japan-china-motoya-hotel-apa.html
- ↑ https://www.reuters.com/article/us-japan-china-hotel/japan-hotel-wont-remove-books-that-deny-nanjing-massacre-during-olympics-idUSKBN18T0ZO
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/19/world/asia/19iht-nanking.1.6205438.html
- ↑ https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/nanjing-massacre-a-lie-japanese-mps-say/article1087249/?ref=http://www.theglobeandmail.com&
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2007/12/06/films/look-back-in-anger/
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/community/2014/07/28/issues/trip-around-yushukan-japans-font-discord/#.Wf7CFGhSzic
- ↑ https://en.yoshiko-sakurai.jp/2015/10/22/6933
- ↑ https://kotaku.com/5901590/the-sad-story-of-a-japanese-gaming-legend-who-pretends-war-crimes-never-happened
- ↑ Auschwitz museum rebuts Holocaust denial tweet by Japanese celebrity doctor Katsuya Takasu (Mar 19, 2019) The Japan Times.
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/03/05/commentary/nanjing-massacre-evidence-twisted-at-historians-whim/
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2001/03/05/commentary/nanjing-massacre-evidence-twisted-at-historians-whim/#.Wf6_vmhSzic
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/02/16/national/tojos-granddaughter-yuko-dies-at-73/
- ↑ http://www.tokyoreporter.com/2008/06/17/yuko-tojo-grandfather-not-a-war-criminal/
- ↑ http://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/22/world/tokyo-journal-a-tojo-battles-history-for-grandpa-and-for-japan.html?pagewanted=1
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2006/10/26/commentary/revisionists-damaging-japan/#.Wf7CVmhSzic
- ↑ https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/04/18/national/conservative-english-scholar-shoichi-watanabe-dies-86/
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=8z6c6rTk0WUC&pg=PA88&lpg=PA88&dq=shoichi+watanabe+nanking&source=bl&ots=lxw2Yngr-0&sig=cb0wPBT0fTCozRKpWv2yyB6IV6Y&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJ0rqT-abXAhUHzmMKHYxnBIsQ6AEIWDAM#v=onepage&q=shoichi%20watanabe%20nanking&f=false
- ↑ http://apjjf.org/-Rumi-SAKAMOTO/2535/article.html
- ↑ http://populargusts.blogspot.com/2006/04/kenkanryu-in-realm-of-revisionists.html
- ↑ https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/03/japan-comfort-women-battle-spills-150311082100873.html
- ↑ China's Trauma Seventy Years after the 'Rape of Nanking' Der Spiegel 14/DEC/07
- ↑ Mitter, Rana. 80 YEARS LATER: CAN CHINA, JAPAN OVERCOME NANKING MASSACRE’S LEGACY? South China Morning Post 10 DEC 2017
- ↑ https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2644184
- ↑ http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2009/07/25/2003449545
- ↑ https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202108270012