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Woman's Christian Temperance Union
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The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) is (yep, is and not was) an ironically-named[1] Christian-based group founded in the 19th Century that became a mass movement ultimately responsible for the disaster that became known as Prohibition with its attendant crime wave, social ills, and lack of respect for law among the middle and working classes. Prior to the WCTU's attempts to Christianize America by banning alcohol, only "women of easy morals" frequented night spots, bars, saloons, and taverns. With the taboos prohibition created, it became socially acceptable for women to consume alcohol publicly in illegal speakeasies...silver linings and all that.
The original purpose of the WCTU was to create a "sober and pure world" by abstinence, purity and evangelical Christianity. Its most famous leader was Frances Willard
, its long-running second president.[2] The organization arose out of campaigns of harassment directed at the patrons of saloons in Minnesota, where women would attempt to block the entrances with noisy prayers and hymn singing.[3]
Oddly enough there's more than one woman in the organization, even though "Woman's" is singular. Perhaps, like the "Temperance" part, it's just a name.
History[edit]
The original writ of the WCTU was opposition to alcoholic beverages. Under Willard's presidency, the outfit broadened the scope of the issues it addressed (sound familiar?) to encompass a mix of evangelical Christian and Progressive Era concerns. The WCTU "campaigned for local, state, and national prohibition, women's suffrage, protective purity legislation, scientific temperance instruction in the schools, better working conditions for labor, anti-polygamy laws, Americanization, and a variety of other reforms.”[3] They also campaigned against the use of actual fermented wine in Christian liturgy, with the result that most Protestant denominations in the United States observe the sacrament of the Eucharist with concord grape juice—even though the Bible specifically says that Christ drank wine with his disciples. They also sought to prohibit the use of tobacco.[4]
Willard united the causes of women's suffrage and teetotalism by claiming that both votes for women and prohibition would provide what she called "Home Protection" against domestic violence: "the object of (the movement) is to secure for all women above the age of twenty-one years the ballot as one means for the protection of their homes from the devastation caused by the legalized traffic in strong drink."[5] (Of course the 19th Amendment did even better than that, giving the vote to all women 21 or over.) Her prominence as an advocate for suffrage muddied the issue and led to public opposition to suffrage by brewers and distillers, and by German, Irish, and other immigrant communities.[6].
The WTCU was also sharply criticized by civil rights campaigner Ida B. Wells. Its zeal for portraying alcoholic beverages as the cause of domestic violence also included blaming drinking for African-American aggression aimed at Caucasian women. As such, it encouraged the mindset that led to lynchings. (Heckofajob, ma'am.) Willard had written that "(t)he colored race multiplies like the locusts of Egypt, and the grog shop is its center of power... The safety of women, of childhood, of the home is menaced in a thousand localities."[7] Willard backpedalled when called out on this issue by Wells.
Today[edit]
Just like the Prohibition Party in the United States, which still runs a Presidential candidate every four years, the WCTU is still a thing. Besides their age-old opposition to alcohol, it is now opposed to abortions, gambling, the "gay agenda", gay marriage, gays in the Boy Scouts of America[8] and drugs, especially marijuana.[9]
Anecdotes[edit]
- Whittaker Chambers rented a room in the rear of the Baltimore WCTU headquarters. Chambers, a master KGB operative, testified his main contact, Alger Hiss, thought it funny the underground headquarters of the world communist movement used the WCTU as a cover.
- Many of the WCTU activists were middle-age women who downed a pint of Lydia Pinkham's herbal-alcoholic "women's tonic" to relieve menopausal problems daily.
- There is now a distillery called F.E.W., named for none other than Frances herself. They even make navy-strength gin.
External links[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ There was, after all, nothing temperate about their goals
- ↑ Joseph R. Gusfield,"Social Structure and Moral Reform: A Study of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union", The American Journal of Sociology, 61, No.3 (1955):225.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 How Did the Reform Agenda of the Minnesota Woman's Christian Temperance Union Change, 1878-1917?, by Kathleen Kerr. (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1998). Introduction
- ↑ PLAN AMENDMENT TO OUTLAW TOBACCO; W.C.T.U. and Prohibition Workers Getting Ready for a Country-Wide Campaign. BUT KEEPING IT A SECRET Fear It Would Hinder Laws for Prohibition Enforcement, Says Report Offered in Congress., New York Times, August 03, 1919
- ↑ Frances Willard, Home Protection Manual (The Independent, 1879).
- ↑ Scott, Anne Firor and Scott, Andrew MacKay (1982). One Half the People: The Fight for Woman Suffrage (Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01005-1), p. 25
- ↑ Paula J. Giddings (3 March 2008). Ida: A Sword Among Lions. p. 91. ISBN 978-0060797362.
- ↑ Md. Woman’s Christian Temperance Union keeps ‘do everything’ approach to activism, The Washington Post
- ↑ Woman's Christian Temperance Union Targeting Marijuana, Huffington Post