Confirmation bias

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“”It is true that may hold in these things, which is the general root of superstition; namely, that men observe when things hit, and not when they miss; and commit to memory the one, and forget and pass over the other.

—Sir Francis Bacon, Sylva sylvarum (A natural history in ten centuries)

Confirmation bias, also known as observational selection, motivated reasoning, or the enumeration of favorable circumstances, is the tendency for people to (consciously or unconsciously) seek out information that conforms to their pre-existing view points, and subsequently ignore information that goes against them, both positive and negative. It is a type of cognitive bias and a form of selection bias toward confirmation of the hypothesis under study. Avoiding confirmation bias is an important part of rationalism and in science in general. This is achieved by setting up problems so that you must find ways of disproving your hypothesis (see falsifiability).

Everyone does it

Confirmation bias is one of the traits that just comes with the human condition. There is a human tendency to favour testing the predictions of a hypothesis that only confirm or prove it, at the expense of testing any predictions that would disprove a hypothesis. This is a problem because attempts to disprove a hypothesis are the most effective ways of comparing two or more hypotheses, and are also the most informative methods for acquiring evidence. However, even practicing scientists often miss these examples and the scientific method has basically "evolved" to try and counteract it.

In politics, confirmation bias explains, for example, why people with right-wing views buy right-wing newspapers and why people with left-wing views buy left-wing newspapers (creating echo chambers). In general, people both:

• Want to be exposed to information and opinions that confirm what they already believe.
• Have a desire to ignore, or not be exposed to, information or opinions that challenge what they already believe.

Even in cases where people do expose themselves to alternative points of view, it may be a form of confirmation bias, in that they want to confirm that the opposition is, indeed, wrong.

Intelligent design

A prime example stems from the intelligent design and creationism movements. Proponents of these ideas start by assuming that an intelligent creator must have been behind life (often assuming the Christian god) and then seeking out any (and only) evidence that might back up this claim. For example, Answers in Genesis often claims that fossils in the ground are proof of a global flood and that layering is caused by the relative abilities of animals to reach higher grounds. They quote evidence which shows that humans and other primates are on top of dinosaurs in the geological record and claim that this is because we "could climb to higher points on the landscape".

However, they never address any evidence that might disconfirm this hypothesis, such as why angiosperm plants and their pollen is never found below vascular fern fossils, or why we see absolute cut-offs in the fossil record rather than a statistical tendency, which the "climbing" hypothesis would suggest. (In other words, why weren't there some weak or elderly humans who died with the dinosaurs?) The fossil record is in fact best explained by common descent, but this is ignored through confirmation bias by creationists.

Creationists, along a similar vein, claim that "evolutionists" are practicing confirmation bias, since they are all atheists out to distort the scientific record to make it look like God does not exist. This claim is, of course blatantly false: the existence of people who believe in theistic evolution disproves it. Furthermore, not all scientists are atheists, and additionally old-earth and evolutionary theories were developed by considering new observations rather than dismissing the old ones. It is, however, true that all Young-Earthers are theistic (as their only real reason for their stance is clinging to a literal interpretation of a very old book that asserted several "facts" that rational, properly-educated people in the modern day would know to be incorrect).^{[citation NOT needed]}

See also

• Apophenia
• Backfire effect — the converse effect
• Cherry-picking
• Common sense
• Bayesian inference
• Filter bubble
• Frequency illusion
• Morton's demon
• Policy-based evidence making
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Toupee fallacy
• Walled garden
• Willful ignorance

External links

• David McRaney, Confirmation bias (youarenotsosmart.com, 23-June 2010)
• Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler. When Corrections Fail: The persistence of political misperceptions (pdf) (Political Behavior, 2006)

References

Articles on Cognitive biases

  Selection bias  -  Outcome bias  -  Clustering illusion  -  Demonization  -  Hindsight bias  -  Confabulation  -  Framing  -  Just world fallacy  -  Overconfidence effect  -  Walled garden  -  Survivorship bias  -  Frequency illusion  -  Overgeneralization  -  Response bias  -  Experimenter bias  -  Dunning–Kruger effect  -  Moral licensing  -  Ultimate attribution error  -  Gambler's fallacy  -  Delusion  -  Viés de seleção  -  Conjunction fallacy  -  Outgroup