Euroscepticism

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Euroscepticism is opposition to the European Union (EU) and the process of European integration. It includes opposition to the euro, to the institutions of the EU, to European bureaucracy, to expansion of the EU, and to some existing memberships. The term Eurosceptic includes a very wide range of positions: from mainstream political parties which accept the EU but want to modify its structure, to those who see the EU as a wholly malevolent entity which must be destroyed. These positions might be labelled "soft" and "hard," or "moderate" and "extreme," but there are no official labels. In fact there is no official Euroscepticism at all, no central organization, no leaders, and no official ideology.

Euroscepticism is found on both sides of the political spectrum, usually combined with some form of nationalism. Mainstream politicians usually want the terms of their own countries' membership revised in the national interest. Left-wing Eurosceptic groups oppose it as a capitalist entity, while others, mainly on the right, believe that the EU is deliberately destroying their own nation, its sovereignty, and its culture, and reject the EU entirely. Euroscepticism is a feature of some wingnut conspiracy theories, such as Eurabia, and crazier Eurosceptics often use the acronym EUSSR, and images of the EU flag modified to look like the Soviet flag:

Oh noes!

Eurosceptic parties

In the United Kingdom, the Conservative party typically supported a "soft" Eurosceptic position of continued EU membership but with no further powers being passed to it, although many of its members would prefer that the EU return to a simple trade community along the lines of the old European Economic Community (EEC). This is probably due to the their dissaffection towards the € throughout the eurozone crisis. The UK Independence Party (UKIP) and the British National Party (BNP) support total withdrawal from the EU — a "hard" Eurosceptic position. Not shocking why.

Populist parties in Europe tend to be Eurosceptic because it's easy (and not entirely unfair) to portray the EU as an elitist project. In the European Parliament itself, the Europe of Freedom and Direct Democracy group represents the "hard" position, and has members from 7 countries, but its largest parties are the UK's UKIP and Italy's Five Star Movement which together furnish 39 of the EFD's 46 MEPs (the other 5 EFDD parties each field only 1-2 MEPs). The EFDD has so far been the most stable of the "hard" EP groups, having survived for more than a single 5-year EP term. Former groups of a similar type have had a tendency to fall apart as their national populist parties had little or nothing in common beyond their opposition to the EU. In contrast to the EFDD, the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) group advocates a "soft" position, with members from 15 countries, but the bulk of its members are either British Conservatives or from Poland's Law and Justice party.

The Labour Party has been broadly pro-European Union in recent years, although there are some dissenting Eurosceptics in the party, such as Kate Hoey and Kelvin Hopkins. Although initially favourable towards the EU (as he was with the United Nations) due to the horrors of the Second World War, the left-wing Labour MP Tony Benn was a prominent figure in opposing Britain's entry into the European Common Market (the predecessor of the EU), saying that Edward Heath (then Prime Minister) had "sold out Britain's interests to the Common Market and gave our sovereignty away without our consent — with support of Mr Thorpe and the Liberals". During the 1975 Common Market referendum, Harold Wilson temporarily suspended collective ministerial responsibility and allowed a free vote on the issue, effectively letting Labour MPs vote according to their own consciences in order to prevent a split within the party. Despite UKIP leader Nigel Farage saying he would work with the Leader of the Labour Party, Jeremy Corbyn, for a referendum to leave the EU and Corbyn being considered a Eurosceptic in the past, Corbyn was in favour of Britain staying in the EU. This has raised issues within the Eurosceptic branches of Labour, as EU competition law (European Union directive 2012/34/EU) may prohibit policies such as the renationalisation of British Rail.

Brexit

See the main article on this topic: Brexit

In 2016, Britain voted to leave the EU — a move which, at the time, caused fears of a "domino effect". Thankfully, movements in favor of leaving the EU in other member states may actually have lost ground since Brexit passed. On January 31st, 2020, the United Kingdom left the European Union.

See also

• World War I and World War II, the reasons why the EU was formed in the first place.
• Europhobia
• Brexit