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Hezbollah

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Hezbollah's flag.
“”The Lebanese people deserve better than this false morality — this promise of protection that has always been conditional, always at the expense of Lebanon’s sovereignty and peace. Hezbollah is, in reality, a militia serving its own agenda and that of its foreign backer, Iran, rather than a force dedicated to the well-being of Lebanon. Its failure to shield itself from Israel’s attacks underscores a deeper truth: Hezbollah’s vision for Lebanon is one that keeps the country locked in a perpetual state of war, instability and fear.
—Lebanese-American politician David RamadanWikipedia, 27 September 2024.[1]
Party Like It's 632
Islam
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Hezbollah (Arabic: حزب الله, Ḥizbu 'llāh, "Party of God") is a Shi'a Islamist militant political organization based out of southern Lebanon. It has both a paramilitary wing directed by the Jihad CouncilWikipedia and a political party (the Loyalty to the Resistance BlocWikipedia) that has formal representation in Lebanon's government at parliamentary, ministerial, and municipal levels.[2] Hezbollah, in its entirety or just its military wing, has been designated as a terrorist organization by numerous countries and international organizations, including the United States,[3] the European Union,[4] the United Kingdom,[5] the Gulf Cooperation CouncilWikipedia,[6] and Israel. Hezbollah has been responsible for numerous bloody terrorist attacks such as the 1983 Beirut barracks bombingsWikipedia, the 1983 US embassy bombing in BeirutWikipedia, the 1994 AMIA bombingWikipedia in Argentina, the 2005 bombing of a former Lebanese prime minister and 21 bystandersWikipedia,[7] and the 2012 Burgas bus bombingWikipedia in Bulgaria.[8] The group was also involved in military conflicts such as the 2006 Lebanon WarWikipedia and the Syrian Civil War. Between 1992 and 2024, Hezbollah was led by Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah. He was killed in an Israeli airstrike on 27 September 2024 during a sharp uptick of violence between the two factions.[9]

According to Hezbollah's manifesto, its stated objectives are to expel the Americans and French from Lebanon, to bring "justice" to those who committed war crimes during the Lebanese Civil WarWikipedia, and form an Islamic government "capable of guaranteeing justice and liberty for all."[10] It is, however, most focused on its enmity with Israel and goal to see Israel destroyed.[11] Nasrallah even made "Death to Israel" into a Hezbollah slogan.[10]

To this end, Hezbollah has stockpiled missiles and artillery rockets to the point where it has become the most well-armed non-state actor in the world.[12] It has a stronger military force than Lebanon's own national army,[13] although it has no interest in attempting to overthrow the government of Lebanon.[2] It has no reason to do so, as it enjoys the appearance of political legitimacy within Lebanon while operating with complete impunity. Hezbollah is effectively a state within a state, acting in place of the Lebanese government throughout the southern part of the country and providing basic services to people who live in areas it controls.[14] Hezbollah's popularity within Lebanon steadily grew through 2024 as the group responded to Israel's atrocities in Gaza.[14]

Hezbollah is funded by Iran to the tune of roughly 700$ million per year (as estimated by the US State Department in 2020)[15], all processed through the Hezbollah-controlled financial firm called the Al-Qard al-Hasan Association (AQAH).[16] Western sanctions on AQAH have been ineffective, and the firm's status within Lebanon as a "non-profit organization" means it operates without being taxed or regulated.[16]

Although Hezbollah has been careful to present itself internationally as being anti-Zionist rather than antisemitic,[17] its own propaganda endlessly vilifies Jews as "enemies of mankind" while promoting the false International Jewish conspiracy.[18] Co-founder and longtime leader Hassan Nasrallah was also a Holocaust denier, saying in 2000 that "Jews invented the legend of the Nazi atrocities. It is clear that the numbers they talk about are greatly exaggerated. "[19]

History[edit]

Israeli forces during the occupation of southern Lebanon, 1990.
“”When we entered Lebanon, there was no Hizballah... It was our presence there that created Hizballah.
—Ehud BarakWikipedia, former Israeli prime minister.[20]

Formation in the Lebanese Civil War[edit]

Hezbollah formed in response to the Israeli military invasion of Lebanon in 1982, which was motivated by the Palestinian Liberation Organization's (PLO) use of Lebanon as a base for terrorist activity.[21] The Israeli invasion sparked chaos in the religiously divided Lebanese nation, and its siege of Beirut lasted two months and cost thousands of lives.[21] Shia Muslims in the south of the country were displaced from their homes in the violence, and the region became a major world humanitarian crisis.[22]

Wanting to fight back, local Shia militias met with members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and began organizing and training with their guidance.[23] Hezbollah's ideology was shaped by that of Iranian Supreme Leader Ruhollah Khomeini. During its struggle against Israeli occupation, Hezbollah gained several reputations. The first was radicalism, as expressed in the War of BrothersWikipedia and the War of the CampsWikipedia in which it clashed with more secular Shia organizations like the Amal MovementWikipedia. Hezbollah was also noted for its success in holding off the Israeli military in certain armed clashes, which was at the time unprecedented in the Arab world.[20] Being militarily weaker than the Israel Defence Forces (IDF), Hezbollah used on asymmetric warfare and suicide bombings against IDF and civilian targets in both Lebanon and Israel.[24]

Its origins in resisting Israeli occupation allow Hezbollah to bill itself as a Shia resistance movement aiming to protect their communities in southern Lebanon from foreign aggression. In 1992, its first leader Abbas al-MusawiWikipedia was killed in an Israeli helicopter raid, and Hassan Nasrallah was chosen as his successor.[25] He is credited with organizing Hezbollah's successful war of attrition, which finally convinced Israel to abandon its occupation of southern Lebanon in 2000.[25] Nasrallah was an effective public speaker and became a master at propaganda. His messages were broadcast on Hezbollah's own radio and satellite TV stations.

Terrorist activities against the West[edit]

Aftermath of the 1983 US Embassy bombing.
“”Hassan Nasrallah and the terrorist group he led, Hezbollah, were responsible for killing hundreds of Americans over a four-decade reign of terror.
—US President Joe Biden, 29 September 2024.[26]

Hezbollah did not limit itself to launching terrorist strikes at Israel. As stated in its manifesto, it wanted to drive all Western countries out of Lebanon to make way for the rise of a Shia fundamentalist government. Their ire was directed at the Multinational Force in LebanonWikipedia (MNF), which was comprised of military assets and soldiers from the United States, France, United Kingdom, and Italy. They were intended to help the Lebanese government reassert control over its own territory and oversee the PLO's evacuation from the country.[27]

Ibrahim Aquil, perpetrator of the 1983 terror attacks.

On 18 April 1983, a Hezbollah suicide bomber attacked the US Embassy in Beirut, killing 63 people including Lebanese civilians.[28] At the time, it was the deadliest attack on a United States diplomatic mission in history. Hezbollah followed up the next year by bombing the reestablished US EmbassyWikipedia, killing 23 people. Hezbollah also launched a truck bomb attack on the MNF barracks in Beirut on 23 October, killing 241 US and 58 French soldiers.[29] These attacks and kidnappings of American and German nationals in Lebanon were traced to Ibrahim Aqil, the commander and planner of Hezbollah's "special operations."[29] The attacks led to some criticism aimed at President Ronald Reagan, as it was known he had overruled his Defense Secretary Caspar Weinberger, who had advised against sending US forces into Lebanon.[30] When US forces withdrew from Lebanon in 1984, Reagan was further criticized for failing to fully retaliate for the attacks.

Even after US withdrawal, Hezbollah continued to target American and Western targets. In 1985, hijackers seized control of TWA Flight 847 and threatened to kill all 153 passengers and crew members unless hundreds of Lebanese prisoners were freed by Israel.[31] 23-year-old Robert Stethem, a driver for the US Navy, was tortured, shot in the head, and then dumped on the tarmac of Beirut airport. The hijackings were traced back to senior members of Hezbollah.[32] Elsewhere, Hezbollah conducted a 1994 bombing of a Jewish community center in Argentina that killed 85 people, making that the deadliest terrorist attack in Argentina's history.[33] Hezbollah also conducted a 1996 bombing in Saudi Arabia that killed 19 Americans.[34]

2006 war with Israel[edit]

Hezbollah declares victory after the war.

On 12 July 2006, Hezbollah fighters launched a cross-border raid into Israel, killing three IDF soldiers and taking two hostage.[35] This was part of a strategy by Nasrallah to take Israeli hostages and exchange them for Lebanese prisoners held by Israel. When the IDF sent a tank into Lebanon to rescue the hostages, it hit a landmine, killing three more soldiers.[35] Another died in the ensuing shootout.

Hezbollah anticipated that Israel would launch munitions at its positions in Lebanon and then attempt to negotiate for the hostages.[35] Instead, Israel launched a full-scale military invasion of southern Lebanon. Lebanese citizens largely blamed Hezbollah for initiating conflict and dragging their country into a war,[36] and Nasrallah even went as far as to apologize to the Lebanese public for initiating conflict during a televised broadcast.[37]

The war saw Israel deploy land mines and cluster bombs, and more than 1,000 Lebanese civilians and combatants died as a result of the war.[38] It was, unfortunately, difficult to tell civilian and combatant casualties apart since Hezbollah militants frequently did not wear combatant uniforms (which is a war crime). Israel also put Lebanon under a naval blockade, an operation which lasted even after the ceasefire.[39]

Hezbollah, meanwhile, could reasonably claim that it had gotten the better end of the fighting. Its militants avoided direct clashes in the open with Israeli soldiers and launched numerous rockets into Israel.[40] This strategy was effective in preserving Hezbollah's combat ability in the face of a superior enemy. Israel's retaliation, which involved bombing any piece of Lebanon where rockets came from, did not win it any friends.[41] A little over a month after the war began, Israel agreed to a ceasefire and withdrew from Lebanon. Hezbollah hailed its survival in the war and the Israeli withdrawal as a great success, and its popularity in Lebanon grew tremendously as a result of anti-Israel backlash..[42] Apparently people don't like having their houses and roads blown up. Who knew?

Role in the Syrian Civil War and declining popularity[edit]

Hezbollah fighters and military equipment in Syria.
See the main article on this topic: Syrian Civil War

In 2012, Hezbollah launched a military intervention into the Syrian Civil War in order to aid its longtime ally Bashar al-Assad, playing a decisive role in saving his regime. Based on his rhetoric, Nasrallah had begun the operation to protect ethnic Lebanese living in Syria, but Hezbollah became increasingly involved in defending regime-controlled areas and establishing allied militias in Syria.[43] As Hezbollah's casualties sharply rose, it became difficult for Nasrallah to keep describing its operations as "limited." In 2013, Nasrallah admitted that Hezbollah's operations were focused on propping up its fellow Shia regime to prevent itself from being surrounded by enemies.[43] Hezbollah and Iran also took the opportunity to train militias across Syria that would be loyal to Iran rather than the regime, a development that disturbed the Assad regime. By 2017, the regime was grappling with Hezbollah and Iran over control of the militias, and it had leaned further on assistance from Russia to prevent a total reliance on Hezbollah military assets.[43]

To a large degree, the operation backfired on Hezbollah. The group and its Iranian backers spent about $6 billion propping up Assad,[43] and the sectarian nature of its involvement undermined its claims to be fighting for all Lebanese regardless of religion. In 2013, a car bomb attack in Beirut was traced to Sunni supporters of the uprising against Assad, who were now angry at Hezbollah for intervening against their coreligionists in Syria.[44] Perceptions of Hezbollah across the Middle East shifted from "plucky resistance fighters against Israel" to "just another sectarian militia group".[45] A poll conducted by the (admittedly pro-Israel) Washington Institute for Near East PolicyWikipedia in November 2020 indicated that Hezbollah's popularity had declined consistently between 2017 and 2020, particularly among non-Shias, leading to the following dismal numbers:[46]

Religion View (%)
Very
positive 		Somewhat
positive 		Somewhat
negative 		Very
negative 		Unsure
Christian 6 10 23 59 2
Shia 66 23 10 2 0
Sunni 2 6 32 60 0

2024 military conflict with Israel[edit]

Beirut's suburbs in flames after Israeli airstrikes, 30 September 2024.

In 2023 and 2024, Hezbollah engaged in increasingly dangerous brinkmanship with Israel in solidarity with Hamas and its efforts in the Israel war in Gaza. Its popularity began to recover as a result of popular anger in Lebanon against Israel's actions.[14] During remarks shortly after the 10/7 attacks on Israel, Nasrallah emphasized his claim that Hezbollah had not been aware of or involved in planning for the attacks, but he praised Hamas and its slaughter of Israeli civilians.[47]

With the intensification of military hostilities, air strikes from Israel and rocket attacks from Hezbollah raised the specter of an outright war as early as November 2023.[48] By 2024, escalating violence along Israel's northern border forced tens of thousands of Israelis to flee their homes.[49] An IDF bombing raid in July 2024 killed Fouad Shukur, who was the direct superior of Ibrahim Aquil, the perpetrator of the 1983 embassy and barracks bombings.[50]

On 17 and 18 September 2024, Israel executed a dramatic decapitation attack on Hezbollah that was accomplished by placing explosive devices inside pagers used by Hezbollah leaders and fighters.[51] Israel detonated the devices by sending a signal to the Hezbollah pagers, and the attacks killed dozens and wounded thousands. Israel shortly thereafter announced that it intended to take all measures necessary to weaken Hezbollah to the point where its citizens could safely return to their homes along the northern border.

A September 21 IDF airstrike on a Beirut suburb resulted in the death of several top Hezbollah commanders, including the mass murderer Ibrahim Aquil.[52] September 23 was a major escalation, as Israeli airstrikes targeted 1,300 Hezbollah rocket sites and killed 500 people.[53] Airstrikes continued, killing two United Nations[54] workers and hundreds more people all while Israel denounced international calls for a ceasefire.[55]

The airstrikes were finally successful in killing longtime Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in a Beirut suburb, depriving the group of its charismatic and organized leader.[56] Good riddance. By this point, Hezbollah was all but decapitated[57] and facing another war for survival against an Israeli ground invasion that began in October 2024.[58]

Armed forces and military strength[edit]

Hezbollah fighters at a 2017 military parade in Lebanon.
“”As a fighting force, Hezbollah is highly trained and disciplined, unlike many other guerrilla groups. During the 2006 war, in the experience of this correspondent, it was rare to encounter Hezbollah fighters. One day we came upon several of them in the ruins of a southern Lebanese village. They were polite but firm, devoid of boastful bluster and swagger, insisting we leave immediately for our own safety. They wouldn’t take no for an answer.
—Ben Wedeman, CNN senior international correspondent.[59]

By 2020, Hezbollah was regarded by international observers as the world's most heavily-armed non-state actor, although much of its military strength was in the form of "small, man-portable and unguided surface-to-surface artillery rockets".[60] Hezbollah is also noted for the unusual level of training and discipline given to its fighters. Combat in Syria also taught Hezbollah some important skills, such as mass force maneuvers, coordination with other militias and armed forces, and effectively swapping intelligence with state actors.[61] Although the intervention in Syria weakened Hezbollah's legitimacy, it strengthened the capabilities of its armed forces. Hezbollah is estimated Israeli intelligence to have roughly 150,000 missiles and rockets and between 40,000 and 50,000 fighters.[59] It is, in short, a formidable military threat.

Hezbollah has also long been preparing for a showdown with Israel ever since the conclusion of the 2006 war. It demonstrated a degree of sophistication in its actions against Israel in 2024 through tactics like launching precision strikes on Israel's array of surveillance outposts along the border, shooting down advanced high-flying Israeli drones, and being able to take down portions of Israel's Iron Dome defense system.[59] They also managed to shock and alarm Israel by publishing 9 minutes of drone footage of IDF military locations in and around Haifa, one of Israel's major cities.[62] The group also expanded its military strength significantly since it successfully endured the Israeli incursion of 2006. Compared to the 2024 estimates above, it had a few thousand fighters and 33,000 rockets and missiles in 2006.[63]

A factor complicating estimations of Hezbollah is the difficulty in determining the exact extent of its assets, and observers noted in October 2024 that it was unclear how badly Hezbollah had been weakened by its losses and defeats in September because of its success in concealing this information.[64]

Hezbollah in Lebanon: how a terrorist group controls a country[edit]

Hezbollah supporters attend a speech by Hassan Nasrallah in November 2023.
“”This is a failed state. The state has been hijacked, hijacked for quite some time by Hezbollah. And behind it Iran. We have to get back to having a functioning government.
—Fouad SinioraWikipedia, former Lebanese prime minister, in October 2024.[65]

After the 1989 Taif AgreementWikipedia, which established religious coexistence as the goal of Lebanese domestic politics and thus ended the civil war, Hezbollah reinvented itself as a political party aiming to peacefully reform Lebanon into an Islamist regime. Hezbollah ran in the 1992 elections and won eight seats in the Lebanese Parliament.[66] In 2005, Hezbollah assassinated Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri with a bomb that also killed 21 bystanders.[67] Hariri had called for Syrian forces to withdraw from Lebanon, a move Hezbollah strongly opposed.

Anybody want to take a field trip to the Hezbollah museum?

Protests against both Syria and Hezbollah threatened the party's position, so it allied with some smaller parties to form the March 8 AllianceWikipedia to bolster its appearance of legitimacy.[2] Power in Lebanon's dysfunctional government was and is exercised largely informally through a network of political alliances, and the March 8 Coalition served Hezbollah's interests well. In 2009, Hezbollah completed its transition into a Lebanese political party by updating its manifesto in 2009, removing many references to Islamism and adding a vague call for "true democracy".[66]

Hezbollah even opened a museum about itselfWikipedia in 2010. The museum gift shop sells Hezbollah-branded merchandise like mugs, "nourishing shampoo", posters, and pins with Hassan Nasrallah's face on them.[68]

Using its political connections, Hezbollah has controlled at least two cabinet positions in Lebanon since 2008, and it had effective veto power over all actions of the Lebanese Parliament until 2019.[2] The group used its ministerial positions to direct state resources towards areas it controls in order to maintain the appearance that it is providing for the people who live there.[2] Hezbollah also oversaw embezzlement of foreign aid and the siphoning of state cash for its own purposes. Lebanon thus has one of the worst political corruption situations in the world, and this contributed to the collapse of its economy in 2019.[69] Hezbollah is a parasite on the Lebanese state. Its use of state resources for its own benefit comes at the expense of everyone else in Lebanon.

As Lebanon's financial crisis worsened in 2020, Hezbollah established its own shadow economy meant to assist the regions of Lebanon that it controls. Its control over the Health Ministry allowed it to make medicine cheaper in its own regions, and its control over the banking sector helped it create a very effective social welfare system for its supporters.[70] This is actually something Hezbollah has been known for even before the current financial situation. It has operated a vast network of independent social services to provide infrastructure, health-care facilities, schools, and youth programs for the people who live under its control.[66] It does this to win support for itself and create the appearance that people are better off living under its governance.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ The myth of Hezbollah has been shattered. Ramadan, David. The Hill. 27 September 2024.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 How Hezbollah holds sway over the Lebanese state. Chatham House.
  3. ↑ Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations
  4. ↑ EU adds Hezbollah's military wing to terrorism list. Reuters. July 22, 2013
  5. ↑ Home Office Proscribed Terrorist Organisations. UK Home Office. (PDF) Archived on 16 July 2015 by the Wayback Machine.
  6. ↑ Gulf Cooperation Council Labels Hezbollah a Terrorist Group. Wall Street Journal. March 2, 2016.
  7. ↑ The Hezbollah Connection. New York Times. Feb. 10, 2015.
  8. ↑ Bulgaria jails 2 men for life over 2012 bus bombing. Deutsche Welle.
  9. ↑ "Lebanon's Hezbollah confirms leader Nasrallah killed". Reuters. September 28, 2024. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Doctrine of Hezbollah. Wilson Center.
  11. ↑ Lebanese Hezbollah. Congressional Research Service. Updated September 20, 2024.
  12. ↑ Hezbollah’s Missiles and Rockets. Center for Strategic and International Studies. July 5, 2018.
  13. ↑ Hezbollah's Military: How Does it Compare to Israel's Forces. Newsweek. Jul 08, 2024
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 What the Lebanese People Really Think of Hezbollah. Foreign Affairs. July 12, 2024
  15. ↑ Iran’s Islamist Proxies in the Middle East. Wilson Center. September 12, 2023.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 The battle over Iran’s terror financing. Politico. August 26, 2024.
  17. ↑ Hezbollah cuts Islamist rhetoric in new manifesto. Reuters. November 30, 2009.
  18. ↑ Wistrich, Robert S. A Lethal Obsession: Anti-Semitism from Antiquity to the Global Jihad. New York: Random House, 2010. p. 770.
  19. ↑ Excerpts from Speech by Hizbullah Secretary-General Nasrallah - 9-Apr-2000. April 9, 2000.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hizballah. Time Magazine. June 8, 2009.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Veterans warn of echoes from 1982 Lebanon war as new conflict looms on Israel’s northern borders. The Guardian.
  22. ↑ Al-Aloosy, Massaab (2020). The Changing Ideology of Hezbollah. Springer International Publishing. p. 176-177
  23. ↑ Farida, Mariam (2019). Religion and Hezbollah: Political Ideology and Legitimacy. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-45857-2. p. 2
  24. ↑ Pape, Robert (2005). Dying to win: the strategic logic of suicide terrorism. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6317-8. Specifically: "Suicide Terrorist Campaigns, 1980–2003", Appendix 1. (p. 253 of Australian paperback edition, published by Scribe Publications)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Who was longtime Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah? Associated Press. September 28, 2024.
  26. ↑ Why the U.S. government is hailing Israel's killing of Hezbollah's leader as 'justice'. NPR.
  27. ↑ Lebanon—They Came in Peace. Naval History and Heritage Command.
  28. ↑ 40th Anniversary of the April 18, 1983 Embassy Bombing. US Embassy in Lebanon. April 18, 2023.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 For Americans scarred by Beirut bombings, a measure of delayed justice. Washington Post. September 21, 2024.
  30. ↑ Interview: Caspar Weinberger. PBS Frontline.
  31. ↑ Hijacking of TWA Flight 847. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
  32. ↑ Ranstorp, Magnus, Hizb'allah in Lebanon: The Politics of the Western Hostage Crisis, New York, St. Martins Press, 1997, p. 95. OCLC 89805638
  33. ↑ Argentina court blames Iran for deadly 1994 bombing of Jewish center. Fance24. 12/04/2024.
  34. ↑ 25 Years Later: Remembering Khobar Towers. US Air Force. June 25, 2021.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Why They Died: V. Background to the Israel-Hezbollah war". Human Rights Watch.
  36. ↑ Echoes of 2006: Israel, Hezbollah, and the potential for regional war. Brookings Institute. August 9, 2024.
  37. ↑ Hizbullah leader: we regret the two kidnappings that led to war with Israel. The Guardian. 27 Aug 2006.
  38. ↑ Lebanon Sees More Than 1,000 War Deaths. Associated Press. December 28, 2006.
  39. ↑ Israel Ends Naval Blockade of Lebanon. NPR. September 8, 2006.
  40. ↑ Israel’s Second Lebanon War Remains a Resounding Failure. Haaretz. Jul 12, 2016.
  41. ↑ 2006: Lebanon war. BBC News.
  42. ↑ The 2006 Lebanon War. Small Wars Journal.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Power Points Defining the Syria-Hezbollah Relationship. Carnegie Middle East Center. March 29, 2019.
  44. ↑ Car Bombing Injures Dozens in Hezbollah Section of Beirut. New York Times. July 9, 2013.
  45. ↑ How the Arab world turned against Hezbollah. The Prospect. October 5, 2020.
  46. ↑ Lebanon Poll Shows Drop in Hezbollah Support, Even Among Shia; Plurality Back Israel Boundary Talks. Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Dec 1, 2020.
  47. ↑ How Hezbollah Sees the War in Gaza. Council on Foreign Relations]. November 6, 2023.
  48. ↑ The closer Israel gets to destroying Hamas, the more likely war with Hezbollah becomes. Chatham House. 17 November 2023.
  49. ↑ As conflict on Israel's northern border grows, residents agonize over whether to stay. NPR. January 10, 2024.
  50. ↑ Hezbollah military commander claimed killed by Israel was blamed by the US for 1983 Marine bombing. Associated Press. July 30, 2024.
  51. ↑ Another wave of blasts hits Lebanon, as Hezbollah reels from pager explosions. NPR. September 18, 2024.
  52. ↑ Hezbollah says top commander, several officers killed in Israeli strike on Beirut suburb. NPR. September 21, 2024.
  53. ↑ Lebanon counts nearly 500 killed in a day of Israeli strikes, with over 1,600 wounded. NPR. September 23, 2024.
  54. ↑ UNHCR mourns killing of beloved staff member and contractor staff in Lebanon. UNHCR. 24 Sep 2024.
  55. ↑ Netanyahu defies calls for a cease-fire at the U.N., as Israel strikes Lebanon. NPR. September 27, 2024.
  56. ↑ Hezbollah confirms its leader Hassan Nasrallah was killed in an Israeli airstrike. Associated Press. September 28, 2024.
  57. ↑ The decapitation of Hezbollah. The New Statesman. 28 September 2024.
  58. ↑ Israel has invaded Lebanon. Here’s what could come next. Vox. Oct 2, 2024.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Why an Israel-Hezbollah war would be far more dangerous today than the last time around . CNN. June 27, 2024.
  60. ↑ Hezbollah Is the World’s Most Heavily-Armed Non-State Actor. National Interest. April 18, 2020.
  61. ↑ Hezbollah Develops New Skills in Syria, Posing Challenges for Israel. Voice of America News. April 27, 2016.
  62. ↑ Hezbollah leader threatens Cyprus as tensions with Israel ramp up. CNN. June 20, 2024.
  63. ↑ Hezbollah: Five ways group has changed since 2006 Israel war. BBC News. 11 July 2016.
  64. ↑ What We Know About Hezbollah’s Military Capability. New York Times. Oct. 1, 2024.
  65. ↑ As war rages, some in Lebanon see opportunity in a weakened Hezbollah. NBC News. Oct. 4, 2024.
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 What is Hezbollah?: What role has it played in Lebanese politics? Council on Foreign Relations. Updated October 4, 2024.
  67. ↑ Rafik Hariri killing: Hezbollah duo convicted of 2005 bombing on appeal. BBC News. 10 March 2022.
  68. ↑ Exiting through the gift shop at Hezbollah’s Museums of Jihad and Resistance. The Times. May 12 2024.
  69. ↑ Exposing Hezbollah’s Corruption of Lebanon. The Geopolitics. October 13, 2023.
  70. ↑ Hezbollah Has Created Parallel Financial and Welfare Systems to Manage the Current Crisis . Washington Institute for Near East Policy. Dec 9, 2020.
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