John Templeton Foundation

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“”Richard, if you ever fall on hard times...

—Daniel Dennett

The John Templeton Foundation is a fundraising organisation that secures money to advance "progress in spiritual discoveries". Founded by businessman John Templeton (1912–2008), it was subsequently headed by his son, Jack Templeton (1940–2015), who quit his medical practice in 1995 in order to work full-time for the organisation.

The Foundation acts a source of funding for numerous scientific studies to address what it calls the "Big Questions", such as genetics, "cognitive creativity" (whatever that is), and personal development. It is best known for the "Templeton Prize for Progress Toward Research or Discoveries about Spiritual Realities".

In practice, it appears to aim to corrupt the public discourse concerning science in the interests of religion by swaying academics by offering much more money than they'd get any other way. Anything or anyone funded by Templeton should be viewed in this light. Of late, the Foundation has expanded beyond religion to funding climate change denial.

It has also donated to a variety of right-wing causes in the UK, including the Legatum Institute ($1.5m), Adam Smith Institute ($1.4m), and Institute of Economic Affairs ($497,000).

The Templeton Prize

The Templeton Prize includes a monetary award of £1,100,000 sterling. It is given to a living person who has made an exceptional contribution to affirming life’s spiritual dimension, whether through insight, discovery, or practical works. The prize has been given annually since 1973, when it misguidedly honored Mother Teresa for charity work, despite her actual work being to cause misery and suffering to poor and sick people in Calcutta while flying to Switzerland for her own medical care.

Since then, the prize has been awarded to a variety of scientists and theologians selected as nominees for their "substantial record[s] of achievement that highlights or exemplifies one of the various ways in which human beings express their yearning for spiritual progress… affirming life's spiritual dimension". Although they claim to award it to anyone of any faith, any "creed" and "men and women alike" the majority of Templeton laureates are old, male, white and Christian. The 1992 laureate was Kyung-Chik Han, whose only qualification for the prize was spreading Christianity throughout South Korea. Since the late 1990s, there is a slight trend toward giving the prize to anyone who is a tenured professor but also goes to church occasionally; it helps if you also write flowery popular-science bestsellers about seeing God in starlight. Martin Rees appears to be the only person with no religious faith to have won it (in 2011), probably as a rebuff to more militant atheists like Richard Dawkins. Arthur Peacocke, who did some work on DNA in the 1970s, seems to have received the 2001 prize just for being ordained as a minister.

In its own words:

How might humankind's spiritual information and advancement increase by more than a hundredfold? This is the challenge presented by the Templeton Prize. Just as knowledge in science, medicine, cosmology and other disciplines has grown exponentially during the past century, the Templeton Prize honors and encourages the many entrepreneurs trying various ways for discoveries and breakthroughs to expand human perceptions of divinity and to help in the acceleration of divine creativity.

Their various methods, particularly through scientific research, serve to supplement the wonderful ancient scriptures and traditions of all the world's religions. Many honors and titles and prizes have been given for many centuries and will be given in the future for good works, reconciliation, saintliness or for relief of poverty and sickness. But these very worthy endeavors are not the purpose of the Templeton Prize.

Instead, this award is intended to encourage the concept that resources and manpower are needed to accelerate progress in spiritual discoveries, which can help humans to learn more than a hundredfold more about divinity. We hope that by learning about the lives of the awardees, millions of people will be uplifted and inspired toward research and more discoveries about aspects of divinity. The Prize is intended to help people see the infinity of the Universal Spirit still creating the galaxies and all living things and the variety of ways in which the Creator is revealing himself to different people. We hope all religions may become more dynamic and inspirational.

Laureates include:

Year	Awardee	Notes
1973	Mother Teresa	extremely dubious humanitarian, who later won a Nobel Peace Prize and Catholic sainthood
1974	"Frère" Roger Schütz	Swiss Christian monk, ecumenicist, founder of Taizé Community. Stabbed to death in 2005
1975	Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan	formerly President of India (a largely ceremonial position), promoted peace with Pakistan
1976	Leo Joseph Suenens	Roman Catholic who brought in charismatic/Pentecostal elements
1977	Chiara Lubich	Italian Catholic writer and founder of Focolare Movement, an ecumenical but largely Roman Catholic lay group
1978	Thomas F. Torrance	Scottish minister, theologian, and translator of Karl Barth
1979	Nikkyō Niwano	Japanese Buddhist, a peace activist and promoter of inter-faith niceness; co-founder of Buddhist group Risshō Kōsei Kai
1980	Ralph Wendell Burhoe	American academic and failed weatherman active in the whole science-religion business
1981	Cicely Saunders	English founder of hospice movement
1982	Billy Graham	notorious American preacher
1983	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Soviet Russian dissident, famous for saying "Men have forgotten God; that's why all this has happened."
1984	Michael Bourdeaux	founded the Keston Institute, which studied religion in communist countries
1985	Sir Alister Hardy	marine biologist who sailed on expeditions to Antarctica in the 1920s; in retirement founded the Religious Experience Research Centre which collects accounts of religious experiences, and is now based at University of Wales Trinity Saint David in Lampeter, Wales
1986	James I. McCord	of Princeton Theological Seminary, and subject of the world's shortest Wikipedia page
1987	Stanley Jaki	Benedictine priest and astrophysicist, noted for work on philosophy of science (aren't they all)
1988	Inamullah Khan	they gave it to a Muslim! Albeit one who promotes ecumenical understanding; he was also an activist for Kashmir
1989	George MacLeod	founder of Iona community in Scotland, a nice place on an island for religious people to think about stuff
1990	Baba Amte	cared for those with leprosy
1991	Immanuel Jakobovits	former head of British Orthodox Ashkenazi Jews; proposed that if homosexuality was proven to have a genetic cause, then genetic engineering should be used to eliminate gays
1992	Kyung-Chik Han	Korean Christian who founded some churches
1993	Charles Colson	criminal associate of Richard Nixon, one of the Watergate Seven and instigator of the Hard Hat Riot in 1970; proposed firebombing the Brookings Institution. After going to jail for his role in the Watergate scandal, he discovered Christianity and devoted himself to proselytizing to prisoners
1994	Michael Novak	American diplomat and writer. Flitted between the right wing of the Democratic Party (where he was involved with red-scare organisations like the Coalition for a Democratic Majority) and endorsing Republicans while claiming to be a lifelong Democrat
1995	Paul Davies	British physicist, did work on quantum field theory and cosmology, proposed a one-way mission to Mars, and wrote many pop science books. Not opposed to God
1996	Bill Bright	founder of Campus Crusade for Christ (now Cru)
1997	Pandurang Shastri Athavale	Swadhyay Movement
1998	Sigmund Sternberg	Scrap metal dealer and philanthropist, founded the Three Faith Forum to promote ecumenical understanding
1999	Ian Barbour	academic who wrote on relationship between science and religion, which is meat and drink to the Templeton dudes
2000	Freeman Dyson	legendary physicist who sadly became a global warming denialist
2001	Arthur Peacocke	biologist, self-described panentheist, proposer of theistic evolution
2002	John Polkinghorne	physicist and Anglican priest. Bingo!
2003	Holmes Rolston III	philosopher noted for work on environmental ethics; also an expert on mosses
2004	George F. R. Ellis	cosmologist, Quaker, opposed apartheid
2005	Charles Hard Townes	physicist known for work on masers and for religiosity
2006	John D. Barrow	respected cosmologist, physicist, mathematician, and author of pop science books; co-wrote The Anthropic Cosmological Principle with Frank Tipler
2007	Charles Taylor	Quebecker philosopher, writing on political philosophy, intellectual history, and how French and English-speaking Canadian communities can coexist without killing each other
2008	Michał Heller	Polish philosopher and physicist
2009	Bernard d'Espagnat	French academic who studied philosophical aspects of quantum theory
2010	Francisco J. Ayala	evolutionary biologist and briefly a priest
2011	Martin Rees	British cosmologist. Unusually for winners, he is an atheist although one who's nice to Christians and not in the snarky Richard Dawkins mold
2012	Tenzin Gyatso	Buddhist leader; 14th Dalai Lama
2013	Desmond Tutu	South African Anglican archbishop and human rights activist
2014	Tomáš Halík	Czech priest and theologian
2015	Jean Vanier	French activist for people with disabilities, founder of L'Arche. In 2020, a year after his death, it was revealed that he had sexually abused six (non-disabled) women and used his theological skills to come up with "highly unusual spiritual or mystical explanations used to justify these behaviours"
2016	Jonathan Sacks	British Orthodox Jewish leader and occasional speechwriter for Mike Pence
2017	Alvin Plantinga	philosopher known for arguing that God exists, attempting to solve problem of free will, etc.
2018	Abdullah II of Jordan	one of the less objectionable Middle Eastern leaders; he has improved human rights, but journalists and protestors are still detained, the death penalty remains, unmarried women are separated from their children, and non-Jordanians are discriminated against
2019	Marcelo Gleiser	Brazilian-born physicist who got the prize for pop science books with twee titles like The Dancing Universe: From Creation Myths to the Big Bang
2020	Francis Collins	American geneticist, former head of the Human Genome Project; author of The Language of God: A Scientist Presents Evidence for Belief
2021	Jane Goodall	Primatologist, anthropologist, conservationist, and activist; seen as the world's foremost expert on chimpanzees
2022	Frank Wilczek	Theoretical physicist and author; awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2004

Money talks

There are concerns that the Templeton Foundation is attempting to subvert scientific process by giving large sums of money with ideological strings attached.

One Templeton official made what I felt were inappropriate remarks about the foundation's expectations of us fellows. She told us that the meeting cost more than $1-million, and in return the foundation wanted us to publish articles touching on science and religion. But when I told her one evening at dinner that — given all the problems caused by religion throughout human history — I didn't want science and religion to be reconciled, and that I hoped humanity would eventually outgrow religion, she replied that she didn't think someone with those opinions should have accepted a fellowship. So much for an open exchange of views.

Another critic, P Z Myers fears the Templeton Foundation blurs the edges between science and superstition.

They have an agenda, and it is one of the most corrupting and untrustworthy causes of all, religion. They already know the answer, and they only want to pay for results that can be interpreted to bolster their unsupportable claims. Even if they are not asking that anyone fake evidence, we know that any line of inquiry that leads away from their desired answer will be abandoned, even if it is leading to the right answer. They are antithetical to good science. Such an organization exists: the Templeton Foundation. And, boy are they loaded, with a massive endowment and the willingness to throw large sums of money around. Scarily huge sums — the kind of money that will tempt even the most principled scientist to compromise a little bit.

To some extent the Foundation spreads its largess to people and groups with good scientific credentials, is connected with well-respected scientific conferences, and advertises in scientific magazines. This tends toward giving spurious scientific respectability to its pseudoscientific agenda of fostering "spiritual discoveries."

Jerry Coyne, also a prominent New Atheist, criticized the Templeton Foundation's attempt to reconcile science and religion as harming science itself:

Templeton's mission is a serious corruption of science. Like a homeopathic remedy, it dilutes the core of the scientific enterprise, which has achieved its successes by holding doubt as a virtue and faith as a vice. The situation in religion is precisely the opposite, which is why theology remains mired in the Middle Ages. Trying to find accord between science and faith is like trying to harmonise astrology and astronomy, or medicine and homeopathy. It's a mug's game, one kept going largely by Templeton's constant infusions of cash.

It has also funded climate change denialism, donating money to British right-wing lobbyist/thinktank the Institute of Economic Affairs, despite the IEA's long history of attacks on climate change science and environmentalism.

The Great Prayer Experiment

See the main article on this topic: Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer

One of the Foundation's most famous investigations was into the "Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer". It found no beneficial correlation between prayer and health. Unfortunately for the Foundation, it had already been publicised widely enough that they couldn't just leave it in the file drawer.