Karl Marx
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Karl Marx[notes 1] (1818–1883) was the godfather of all pinko commie scum; he co-wrote the Communist Manifesto (with Friedrich Engels) and wrote Das Kapital. His ghost subjects Ayn Rand's to eternal wage slavery as she burns in hell.
What Marx did and didn't do
Marx and Engels did not invent the idea of socialism or even communism. There were communist and socialist trade unions and political parties prior to the pair publishing anything on political economy. As well, they didn't invent philosophical theorizing about socialism. There were plenty of contemporary thinkers on the topic who published just as many books as Marx and Engels and with whom Marx debated publicly.
Marx wrote for the New York Daily Tribune, and some believe Abraham Lincoln regularly read his columns, given the language with which the president spoke about the changes then taking place in the American and world economies that he and the radical Republicans were dreading. Marx did, in fact, praise Lincoln for issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and congratulate him on his 1864 reelection, and was probably entirely sincere while doing so, which should come as no surprise, as Marx regarded wage-earning proletarians as still better off than slaves.
Though he went through a somewhat authoritarian phase in the middle of his life, Marx's work did not advocate anything remotely approaching the authoritarianism advocated and then carried out by Stalin or by Mao. As Marx grew older, he returned to the more libertarian (no, not that kind of libertarian) tendencies of his youth.
Contrary to popular belief, Marx did not create the phrase "from each according to his ability, to each according to his need"; he merely popularized the phrase, which was said to have been originated by Étienne-Gabriel Morelly in his 1755 book, Code de la nature, ou de véritable esprit de ses lois.
If you like to deal in glib superlatives, Marx - despite his reputation in certain circles - makes the running for the greatest economist of the 19th century[1] and perhaps the most influential economist of all time.[2]
Marx's personal life
Ancestry
Marx was of Jewish descent, which was the original prompt by conspiracy theorists to tie Marxism in with the theory of the international Jewish conspiracy, claiming that communism was made to advance Jewish domination of the world. However, Marx's relationship with his Jewish identity is a great deal more complex than all that. His father, Herschel Mordechai, came from a long line of rabbis, but received a secular German education himself, and converted to Lutheranism around the time of Marx's birth, changing his name to Heinrich Marx. This was a career move; Herschel was a lawyer, but the German government had made it illegal for Jews to practice law. Karl Marx was baptized into the Lutheran church at age six, and later in life wrote an essay, On the Jewish Question, in which he drew on stereotypes of money-worshipping "huckster" Jews and stated that as a part of the development of capitalism, "Christians [had] become Jews" (i.e., the "Jewish" culture of capitalism had assimilated all the old cultures of Europe). Though it also has been argued that it could be satirical, given that it had responded to a traditionally antisemitic article.[3]
Couch potato
Marx was unemployed most of his life, and the only real jobs he had were brief stints as a journalist for short-running publications.
A spy for the Prussian police wrote the following upon discovering Marx was a filthy, ungroomed, unemployed couch potato.[4]
Washing, grooming and changing his linen are things he does rarely, and he is often drunk. Though he is frequently idle for days on end, he will work day and night with tireless endurance when he has much work to do.
He has no fixed time for going to sleep or waking up. He often stays up all night and then lies down fully clothed on the sofa at midday, and sleeps till evening, untroubled by the whole world coming or going through [his room].
There is not one clean and solid piece of furniture. Everything is broken, tattered and torn, with half an inch of dust over everything and the greatest disorder everywhere.
When you enter Marx’s room smoke and tobacco fumes make your eyes water ... Everything is dirty and covered with dust, so that to sit down becomes a hazardous business. Here is a chair with three legs. On another chair the children are playing cooking. This chair happens to have four legs. This is the one that is offered to the visitor, but the children’s cooking has not been wiped away and if you sit down you risk a pair of trousers.
This was not Prussian political propaganda, as Marx's filthiness was well know, to Marx himself even, who wrote to Engles in 1883[5]
The bourgeoisie will remember my carbuncles to their dying day.
Nonetheless, Marx was a tireless writer at times.
Difficult relationship with parents
Marx's parents got so angry at Karl's personal habits that they forcefully kicked him out. Young Karl became so enraged at this that he didn't attend his dad's funeral out of spite.[6] His mother once said:[7]
I wish Karl would start to accumulate capital instead of just writing about it.
Marx later would couch-surf to whoever was willing to let him maintain his NEET (Not Employed, in Education or Training) lifestyle, and mostly mooched off money from Engels, because Engels' dad owned a textile factory. Over time, Marx became one of the most famous NEETs of all time, even during his lifetime.
Marx and communist states
His fanboys have shown quite a tenacious resistance to the suggestion that something might be wrong with what he said (though given the large split between different factions, to the point where in the Spanish Civil War, Stalinists mostly killed Trotskyists, it is understandable), even as leaders professing his philosophy turn into dictators one after another, and the combined death toll from their regimes rises into the mid to high eight figures (largely attributed to Stalinist Russia and Maoist China).[notes 2] One common response to this is to point out that certain anti-communists also racked up non-negligible skull counts in the name of fighting communism, notably Adolf Hitler (and his Axis allies such as Mussolini, Franco, and Pavelic), Suharto of Indonesia, Syngman Rhee of South Korea,[notes 3], Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam, a succession of military dictators in Guatemala, the junta in El Salvador, the Somozas in Nicaragua, Augusto Pinochet of Chile, Jorge Rafael Videla of Argentina, Hissene Habre in Chad, François Duvalier of Haiti, and Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic, many of which were backed by the United States throughout the Cold War. This is an instance of tu quoque,[notes 4] although certain US politicians such as Jeane Kirkpatrick backed anti-communist regimes solely on the basis that they were not as bad as communist regimes, which is debatable as many anti-communist regimes killed an equal or higher per-capita number of those under their control.[notes 5]
However, it is also worth noting that none of Marx's predicted "proletarian revolutions" occurred in industrialized nation-states, such as the United Kingdom[notes 6] where he lived, but instead in less industrialized states such as Russia and China, during periods of political and economic turmoil. Marxist rhetoric is also appealing to post-colonial independence movements, even those which are largely agrarian and lacked an established working class. In some cases, such as Yugoslavia, Vietnam, and China, the communist revolutions had popular local support due to the roles they played in war; while in other cases, such as Eastern Europe and Afghanistan, communist governments were largely forced upon them, and such countries essentially function as puppet states of the Soviet Union. Of course forcing a political regime on a largely unwilling populace does not tend to engender much love and might end a tad bloody. It is also a fact of history, that any government will overstay its welcome. If it is the government of a democratic state, it will be voted out, except when it's not. If not, too bad.[notes 7]
A frequent argument by Marxists
To get this out of the way, prior to the Russian revolution (and again after 1991) most Marxists interpreted Marx differently from Lenin's interpretation. While the non-Leninist Marx interpretation says basically that full industrial development under a capitalist system is a precondition for communism (which would make the USSR not a communist state, at least not at the time Lenin lived), Lenin disagreed and argued that given the right revolutionary leader (such as himself), a largely agrarian state (such as Russia) could "skip" capitalism and become communist immediately. Thus many modern Marxists have explained away the fall and the atrocities of Maoist China (which is now communist in name only) and the USSR as them not having been "really" communist due to their largely agrarian nature at the time of the revolution. Whether this constitutes a no true Scotsman depends largely on your own views on Capitalism, Communism and the various Leninist dictatorships.
Marx and... Sci-fi?
So why does Marxism make such a big deal about industrialization being needed in order for Communism to arise? It has to do with one of the biggest and as yet not completely answered question that has arisen as a result of industrialization; "once we automate all the jobs, what do we do with the redundant workers?"
Marx's answer forms the core of his ideas of communism; the factories would become automated but then quasi-owned by everyone, and the vast majority of people would be freed up to pursue whatever they wanted.[9] During Marx's time, the vast majority of people were either laborers on farms or working in the factories, but even then the machines were becoming more and more efficient every year. There would theoretically come a point where the factories would be almost completely automated and manual labor would be redundant. At this point, a revolt of some vague form would occur, and humanity would collectively own these automated factories and the vast majority of people would be free to pursue whatever they desired. While there'd be no "class" that anyone was born into that would mostly determine what options you had in life, despite what people imagine, there'd still be people who worked harder or were more productive, and these people would be compensated more for their efforts.
This sounded all well and good, but for many Communists, this sort of Futurism was too distant; people such as Lenin basically decided to skip over the "progress society to the point where labor is unnecessary" straight to the "make me dictator of everything" phase.
In this vein, much of Marx's works becomes speculative fiction that has since been expanded upon and independently 'discovered' by generations of science fiction writers and readers a century later. Star Trek would be a famous example in which an idea like this is explored (very vaguely, admittedly) by the time of the Star Trek: The Next Generation series, given that virtually everything can be automated with the replicator. Money is said to no longer exist, with people simply working to improve themselves and the rest of the human race.
Marx's extreme racism
Anyone who reads Marx in depth will notice the repeated and often extreme racism involved in his insults and general opinions. He was the worst towards Jews (he was himself a Jew of course), and Slavs. While it is arguable if Marx was, 'extremely' racist towards people outside Jews and Slavs, Marx was an extreme anti-Semite, and extreme anti-Slav. The former is obvious from his book, "On the Jewish Question"[10], as well as further writings and correspondences. He also appears to have fallen for the pseudoscience of phrenology as well.[11]
Marx the voracious anti-Semite
He wrote the following in "On the Jewish Question"[12]
Let us consider the actual, worldly Jew – not the Sabbath Jew, as Bauer does, but the everyday Jew. [...] What is the worldly religion of the Jew? Huckstering. What is his worldly God? Money. ... Money is the jealous god of Israel, in face of which no other god may exist. Money degrades all the gods of man — and turns them into commodities. ... The bill of exchange is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange. ... The chimerical nationality of the Jew is the nationality of the merchant, of the man of money in general.
An organization of society which would abolish the preconditions for huckstering, and therefore the possibility of huckstering, would make the Jew impossible.
While on holiday in Ramsgate, in old age, he once complained of[13]
Many Jews and fleas
Marx argued in Das Kapital that the Jews exiled from Egypt represented an exile of[14]
Leper people
And also wrote[15]
the capitalist knows that all merchandise, no matter how ruinous it may seem or how bad it might smell, is by faith and in truth money, internally circumcised Jews.
Some scholars such as Hal Draper have argued that Marx was not particularly anti-Semitic for his time, as he claims the word, "Jew" being almost synonymous with, "usurer", at the time and place Marx wrote. Hal also argues that Marx's main problems with Jews was Judaism, and not the people themselves. Other scholars maintain that Marx was clearly an anti-Semite, and that, "other people did the same", does not make it un-racist. Paul Johnson for example, made the argument that Marx not only was particularly anti-Semitic, but radically so, and consciously expanded growing vulgarization against the Jewish religion among German idealists, from Kant to Bauer, and then Marx. And that his Antisemitism was used as draft-work for later economic theories.[16]
It was Marx’s sinister achievement to marry the economic anti-Semitism of the French socialists to the philosophical anti-Semitism of the German idealists and so to construct a new kind of anti-Semitic conspiracy theory which was to be an intellectual rehearsal for his general theory of capital.
Paul argues that claims Marx outgrew his racism are false due to letters to Engels showing his continued insistence that the Jews driven out of Egypt were "leper people", and various other epithets in his old age. The Manetho claim of Jews exiled from Egypt being a, "leper people", Paul says is a, "primeval matrix of anti-Semitism" Paul claims Marx extended his anti-Semitism which he inherited into something beyond earlier anti-Semitism, something which, incorporated the "entire bourgeois class".
Later anti-Semitic anti-capitalists such as Werner Sombart, who was himself a, 'scientific racist', credited Marx's anti-Semitism as inspiration.[17] Marx's portrayal of money, "infecting" Christianity, in his "On the Jewish Question", bears resemblance to Hitler's “Jewish bacillus”. There is no known direct connection between Marx's anti-Semitism and Hitlers however. What made Hitler different than Marx on the Jews, was placing the Jews as front and center however, as well as an extermination program for them. Stalin was less anti-Semitic than Marx, but used similar language Marx did when criticizing Jews when scapegoating, "cosmopolitanism".
Marx on black people
He viewed those of African ancestry as more primitive than most other races as shown when discussing his son-in-law success in a district that contained an animal zoo.[18]
Being in his quality as a nigger, a degree nearer to the rest of the animal kingdom than the rest of us, he is undoubtedly the most appropriate representative of that district [that had a zoo in it].
In a correspondence with Engels in 1862, he wrote:[19]
The Jewish nigger Lassalle who, I’m glad to say, is leaving at the end of this week, has happily lost another 5,000 talers in an ill-judged speculation. The chap would sooner throw money down the drain than lend it to a ‘friend’, even though his interest and capital were guaranteed. In this he bases himself on the view that he ought to live the life of a Jewish baron, or Jew created a baron (no doubt by the countess). Just imagine! This fellow, knowing about the American affair, etc., and hence about the state of crisis I’m in, had the insolence to ask me whether I would be willing to hand over one of my daughters to la Hatzfeldt as a ‘companion’, and whether he himself should secure Gerstenberg’s (!) patronage for me! The fellow has wasted my time and, what is more, the dolt opined that, since I was not engaged upon any ‘business’ just now, but merely upon a ‘theoretical work’, I might just as well kill time with him! In order to keep up certain dehors vis-à-vis the fellow, my wife had to put in pawn everything that wasn’t actually nailed or bolted down!
He wrote those endearing words about German political writer Ferdinand Lassalle, with whom he had disagreements because the latter was a social democrat.
In opposition to Friedrich Engels, Marx was quite enthusiastic about the book The Origin and Transformation of Man and Other Beings by Pierre Trémaux, writing about it in letters to Engels and Louis Kugelmann:[20][21]
As he [Tremaux] indicates, (he was in Africa a long time) the common Negro type is only a degeneration of a much higher one.
However, given Marx was in favor of black slavery abolition, he was much less anti-black (to the extent he was anti-black at all) than anti-Semite.
Marx the voracious anti-Slav
Marx is quoted as saying:[22]
I do not trust any Russian. As soon as a Russian worms his way in, all hell breaks loose.
Marx's malignant remarks about Slavs and the peoples of Eastern Europe:[23]
The real point at issue always is Turkey in Europe – the great peninsula to the south of the Save and Danube. This splendid territory has the misfortune to be inhabited by a conglomerate of different races and nationalities, of which it is hard to say which is the least fit for progress and civilisation. Slavonians, Greeks, Wallachians, Arnauts, twelve millions of men, are all held in submission by one million of Turks, and up to a recent period, it appeared doubtful whether, of all these different races, the Turks were not the most competent to hold the supremacy which, in such a mixed population, could not but accrue to one of these nationalities.
Also, on the ancestral history of the Russians: [24]
Russia is a name usurped by the Muscovites. They are not Slavs, do not belong at all to the Indo-German race, but are des intrus [intruders], who must again he hurled back beyond the Dnieper, etc.
Marx on Asians
Marx was also sort of pro-imperialism, seeing it as a natural and necessary stage in the evolution of world political economy.[25]
England has to fulfill a double mission in India: one destructive, the other regenerating the annihilation of old Asiatic society, and the laying the material foundations of Western society in Asia.
Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Moguls, who had successively overrun India, soon became Hindooized, the barbarian conquerors being, by an eternal law of history, conquered themselves by the superior civilization of their subjects. The British were the first conquerors superior, and therefore, inaccessible to Hindoo civilization. They destroyed it by breaking up the native communities, by uprooting the native industry, and by levelling all that was great and elevated in the native society. The historic pages of their rule in India report hardly anything beyond that destruction. The work of regeneration hardly transpires through a heap of ruins. Nevertheless it has begun.
Marx on Mexicans
He also had a casual distaste for Mexicans, reminiscent of Donald Trump among others. He opined that Mexicans lost territory because of laziness.[26]
Is it a misfortune that magnificent California was seized from the lazy Mexicans who did not know what to do with it?
Marx's influence today
The good
- Support for and instances of worker self-management are growing throughout the world. A number of Western and Latin American countries have adopted policies aimed to produce and support employee-owned firms. Other countries, such as Great Britain and Spain, are simply waiting to elect their left-wing parties to a majority in their parliament before doing so. Bernie Sanders included the idea on his platform,[27] but never brought it up during his campaign; he also never became POTUS, the poor bastard.
The bad
- Juche, insofar as the increasingly rare nods to Marx distinguish it from a run-of-the-mill absolute monarchy. Between Il-Sung, Jong-Il, and now Jong-Un they have a holy trinity, so he's no longer needed as a placeholder.
The Ugly
- Fucking Tankies
Marx versus Marxists
Whatever you may think of Marx and his fanclub, he did at the very least condemn the fanaticism when he witnessed it. A rather famous quote of Karl Marx reads:[28]
"What is certain is that I myself am not a Marxist." (Originally in French: Ce qu'il y a de certain c'est que moi, je ne suis pas Marxiste.)
He said this in reaction to Jules Guesde, a leader of French workers and vanguard of French Marxism, who visited Marx in London 1880. They had a disagreement about the political programme written for the Parti Ouvrier (Labour Party), in what seems to be the case in which Marx was in favor of pragmatic achievements within capitalism while his cult didn't want any reasonable concessions but just concern-troll the opposition (Marx called it "revolutionary phrase-mongering"). As a joke question: Would Marx oppose Bernie-or-Bust?
See also
- Communism
- Conflict theory
- Socialism
- Das Kapital
- Far-left politics
- Communist Manifesto
- Social democracy - which is accused of being "communism" when it is clearly not socialist (it is a mixed market economy)
- Charles Fourier
External links
- Works of Karl Marx in German and English on Wikisource
- Song about Karl Marx. from Histeria!
Notes
- ↑ The name "Karl Heinrich Marx", used in various lexicons, is based on an error. His birth certificate says "Carl Marx", and elsewhere "Karl Marx" is used. "K. H. Marx" is used only in his poetry collections and the transcript of his dissertation; because Marx wanted to honor his father, who had died in 1838, he called himself "Karl Heinrich" in three documents. The article by Friedrich Engels "Marx, Karl Heinrich" in Handwörterbuch der Staatswissenschaften (Jena, 1892, column 1130 to 1133 see Marx/Engels Collected Works Volume 22, pp. 337–345) does not justify assigning Marx a middle name. See Heinz Monz: Karl Marx. Grundlagen zu Leben und Werk. NCO-Verlag, Trier 1973, p. 214 and 354, respectively.
- ↑ The number of deaths varies depending on whether or not famine deaths are included in the total. High-end estimates for the number of victims under Mao in the PRC include some 20,000,000 to 72,000,000 victims of the famine caused by the "Great Leap Forward", which stemmed from a bungled attempt to strengthen China's economy. If the criteria was narrowed to include only deliberate political murders and deaths in labor camps, the number would probably be in the millions to low tens of millions. Among Mao's atrocities were the mass killings of "counterrevolutionaries" and landlords during the early 1950s (2-5 million dead), an estimated 400,000 to 3,000,000 killed between 1966 and 1976 in the "Cultural Revolution".
- ↑ During the Korean War, impoverished farmers were liquidated because they "might" have become communists in the future. Douglas MacArthur considered the matter to be an internal affair of America's anti-communist allies
- ↑ Unless, maybe, you also consider some argument about the supposed "moral superiority" of anti-communist regimes. But even that argument is debatable.
- ↑ 42,171 extrajudicial killings by security forces were recorded in El Salvador between 1978 and 1983, comprising nearly 1.0% of the population. A similar proportion were killed in Guatemala. These numbers may be a gross underestimate as many killings were unrecorded. In Timor-Leste, as much as 44% of the population may have perished due to the Indonesian Army's policy of massacres and enforced famine, a scale which is equal to or greater than Pol Pot's reign in Cambodia.
- ↑ Unless one counts the Paris Commune of 1871, which was crushed by the reactionaries in less than two months, or the Spanish Revolution of the Spanish Civil War, which was ironically crushed by so-called communists, or the Hungarian Revolution, which was again crushed by the so-called communists, or the revolution Rosa Luxemburg led in Germany, which was crushed by a social democratic regime
- ↑ Danish historian Erling Bjøl deserves a quote here, speaking about Walter Ulbricht's durability as the leader of communist East Germany: „Ulbricht had Stalin's confidence. He turned the SED into a reliable instrument of power and disproved the old adage, that bayonets can be used for everything, except sitting on them.“
References
- ↑ Mandel, Ernest (1971). "11: Progressive Disalienation Through the Building of Socialist Society, or Inevitable Alienation in Industrial Society?". The Formation of the Economic Thought of Karl Marx. Modern Reader Paperback Edition: Economics. New York: NYU Press. p. 208. ISBN 9780853451877. Retrieved 2017-07-23. "[...] there are those who recognize, with Emile James, that Marx was the greatest economist of the nineteenth century,” [...]."
- ↑ Lo, Andrew W. (2017). "6: The Adaptive Markets Hypothesis". Adaptive Markets: Financial Evolution at the Speed of Thought. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 219. ISBN 9781400887767. Retrieved 2017-07-23. "[...] a revolutionary journalist named Karl Marx, perhaps the most influential economist on the planet for a hundred years (and maybe of all time, by certain metrics)."
- ↑ Interpretations of On the Jewish Question on Wikipedia
- ↑ https://www.intellectualtakeout.org/blog/karl-marx-was-pretty-bad-person/
- ↑ https://thebaron.ca/2017/12/08/check-your-receipts-karl-marx/
- ↑ https://thebaron.ca/2017/12/08/check-your-receipts-karl-marx/
- ↑ https://thebaron.ca/2017/12/08/check-your-receipts-karl-marx/
- ↑ https://www.focus.de/politik/deutschland/nach-protesten-in-den-usa-statuen-von-bismarck-oder-marx-wegen-rassismus-vorwuerfen-abbauen-so-denken-die-buerger_id_12111877.html
- ↑ Marx on automation
- ↑ https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/
- ↑ SOCIAL DEMOCRACY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY: A REALIST ALTERNATIVE TO THE MODERN LEFT. Marx’s Phrenology and Racial Views. APRIL 26, 2015.
- ↑ https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=AbaKJ6jlHCwC&pg=PT148&lpg=PT148&dq=%22many+Jews+and+fleas%22&source=bl&ots=QVKBdlm5Ae&sig=ACfU3U0sfzrfb6XrH711jBHHuKw30MR9cA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi0r4GbjN3rAhVqmHIEHYUEAWYQ6AEwCXoECAEQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22many%20Jews%20and%20fleas%22&f=false
- ↑ https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/karl-marx-a-self-hating-jew/2019/05/08/
- ↑ https://www.jewishpress.com/sections/features/features-on-jewish-world/karl-marx-a-self-hating-jew/2019/05/08/
- ↑ https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/paul-johnson-3/marxism-vs-the-jews/
- ↑ https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/paul-johnson-3/marxism-vs-the-jews/
- ↑ https://www.newsherald.com/story/opinion/2020/08/16/many-marxists-dont-realize-their-hero-racist-and-anti-semite/3369024001/
- ↑ http://hiaw.org/defcon6/works/1862/letters/62_07_30a.html
- ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271216034_In_the_Interests_of_Civilization_Marxist_Views_of_Race_and_Culture_in_the_Nineteenth_Century
- ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13569317.2019.1548094
- ↑ https://books.google.ch/books?id=FH-LCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT208&lpg=PT208&dq=I+do+not+trust+any+Russian.+As+soon+as+a+Russian+worms+his+way+in,+all+hell+breaks+loose.&source=bl&ots=mR1RfXqLqs&sig=ACfU3U1FGNu-dhds0z-NW75raMtyITBiAw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjeqs7zpf_qAhXGThUIHRZ4A6oQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=I%20do%20not%20trust%20any%20Russian.%20As%20soon%20as%20a%20Russian%20worms%20his%20way%20in%2C%20all%20hell%20breaks%20loose.&f=false
- ↑ https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/russia/crimean-war.htm
- ↑ https://www.international-communist-party.org/English/Texts/53FaRNen.htm
- ↑ https://marxists.catbull.com/archive/marx/works/1853/07/22.htm
- ↑ https://www.newsherald.com/story/opinion/2020/08/16/many-marxists-dont-realize-their-hero-racist-and-anti-semite/3369024001/
- ↑ https://ourfuture.org/20150817/bernie-sanders-proposes-to-boost-worker-ownership-of-companies
- ↑ https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/05/parti-ouvrier.htm#n5