Andrew Jackson
| God, guns, and freedom U.S. Politics |
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| Starting arguments over Thanksgiving dinner |
| Persons of interest |
“”Gazing at Jackson with modern eyes reveals him as a perfect model for the modern reactionary, combining a Ron Paul–esque hatred of central banking, a Scalia-esque strict constructionism, a Sarah Palin–esque hatred for intellectuals, and a George W. Bush–esque love of military brio.
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| —Jonathan Chait[1] |
“”The number of duels that Jackson took part in varies depending on what source you consult; some say 13, while others rank the number somewhere in the 100's, both of which are entirely too many times for a reasonable human being to stand in front of someone who is trying to kill them with a loaded gun.
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| —Daniel O'Brien[2] |
Andrew "Old Hickory" Jackson (1767–1845) was the seventh President of the United States, and the first from the Democratic Party; often nicknamed "Andrew Jackass", the jackass is the mascot of the party to this day. Before the presidency, he was the first (military) governor of Florida. He was the first populist president (not coincidently, he was elected shortly after most states got rid of "property qualifications" for suffrage). Up until that point, they were all hand-picked by aristocracy. Jackson was an orphan and former British captive who rose up to one of the nation's highest political offices; he represented an early version of the American dream.
On race issues, he was complete trash, and because 19th-century governments did not give a crap about non-whites, you got yourself an exercise in creative brutality. His expansionist policies often led to conflicts with Native Americans and men like Davy Crockett who opposed his ideas; the results often ended up bordering on genocide. Despite this, his economic policies as president and trade agreements helped launch the United States into the early stages of the Industrial Revolution.
Presidency[edit]
Jacksonian democracy[edit]
The best quality in a person was loyalty to Andrew Jackson. John Quincy Adams attempted to establish a meritocracy in government instead of a patronage system; Jackson called him a corrupt closet Federalist, and then appointed only people loyal to him. It took 100 years to reform civil service employment practices. (See Spoils system.) This is called nepotism, and it has recently found its way back into the executive office.
During his Presidency, Jackson oversaw the development of a system that came to be known as "Jacksonian democracy", a populist movement built on a coalition of farmers and urban laborers which was characterized by agrarianism, appeals against "aristocracy" and the "elites", while brushing the issue of slavery under the rug for the time being, and a genuine belief in America's manifest destiny. Credit where credit's due: he oversaw the expansion of universal suffrage (for white males, anyway) and the peak of voter turnout in the US (at about 80% by 1840), supported the abolition of the Electoral College, and recognized how the power of money could corrupt politics and lead to the breakdown of democracy. Historians also credit him with firmly establishing the Presidency's influence in US government; however, most of his successors were relatively weak Presidents until Lincoln. He was also instrumental in advancing the American economy, improving the value of the US dollar, and industrializing the United States in both the public and private sectors. One such example is the funding of the first railroad system, which would begin in the 1830s. As a result, he was directly responsible for bringing the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Under him, bills passed that would allow for more property rights, incentives for the working-class, and lower taxes, which, for the time, was quite beneficial in private industrialization, which, in turn, led to a rapid expansion in U.S. national capital. The irony is that his party was generally against the centralization of executive power that he exercised during his presidency. Because of this, he can easily be compared to Franklin D. Roosevelt, who began shifting the democratic party in a new direction.
Jackson was also highly critical of corporations and feared the growing power of trusts and monopolies. He established strong protectionary government programs and federalized certain services that would benefit ordinary (white male) workers. Jackson limited the power of the banks, which pissed off many wealthy stockholders, but they were pretty much the only ones who legitimately hated him. While he was a champion of capitalistic policies and a free market, he believed that it was problematic, and so, believing everyone (white males) had an equal right to the same economic advantages, he passed equal protection laws to ensure that the country would go in a direction that would allow for what he believed to be a far more egalitarian society. Perhaps his most important act as president was his dismantling of Alexander Hamilton's central banking policy, which was responsible for a great deal of class division early on in the 19th century. He stated that this was his proudest achievement in life. His economic policy, structural reform, support for an egalitarian society, economic nationalism, and hatred of the corrupt banking system sounds a lot like someone else we know.
However, in terms of his social policies, Old Hickory-dickory-dock's Presidency demonstrates how seemingly noble populist beliefs can be taken way too goddamned far. His opposition to financial power and central banking did have some repercussions later on, as he lacked the foresight to see that the next generation of politicians was complete buffoons who would take things too far through poor implementation, therefore setting off a wave of deregulated banking that, combined with his gold-bug monetary policies, culminated in the Panic of 1837
and economic depression that lasted until 1843. (Naturally, it was his successor, Martin Van Buren, who had to deal with the fallout.)[3] He deeply embedded cronyism into the culture of Washington, D.C., overseeing the rise of the spoils system and working around the little logic-buster it presented for his populism and opposition to "financial elites" by claiming that allowing people to buy their way into the halls of power was, in fact, a way to encourage political participation and overturn the entrenched bureaucracy. He was also a strict constructionist who opposed private sector infrastructure projects because it should be the states paying for them, and public education because it would interfere with the role of parents and churches in raising children (sounds like another asshole we all know and hate). He did have his limits on that front, though, as demonstrated by his willingness to go to war with South Carolina over the nullification crisis.
Race relations[edit]
Americans probably best know Jackson today as the man responsible for what is now known as the ethnic cleansing of Native Americans, specifically the Trail of Tears that saw the "Five Civilized Tribes" (the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole) deported from Florida, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi all the way out to Oklahoma, ignoring land rights and Supreme Court decisions. Consider also that the people relocated by the Trail of Tears had already assimilated into U.S. culture without resistance, and that he personally knew some of them, since he had fought side by side with them in the War of 1812.[4] Additionally, Jackson was the adopted father of a Native American child named Lyncoya Jackson. The federal government had respected their claim up to that point, but Jackson argued that it was illegal for the government to respect those rights.[5]
Tribes were uprooted from "perked" and prime land and sent to less hospitable places. They were whipped and held at gunpoint and sometimes rammed together in wagons to speed up relocation. Mass burials were not uncommon, and since burying a Native was considerably more expensive than a white person, tribes would be required to pay the bill. There are accounts of soldiers who expressed outrage and shame over what happened.[6] Roughly 16,000 Cherokee were removed from their homes, and 4,000 died on the journey.
Jackson believed that the displacement and genocide of Native Americans were justified because a white Aryan race existed in America, which was wiped out by the Natives presently living there. The natives needed to be displaced and destroyed to avenge the ancient white people. As stated in his state of the union address in 1830:[7]
But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another. In the monuments and fortifications of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated of has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes. Nor is there any thing in this which, upon a comprehensive view of the general interests of the human race, is to be regretted. Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to the condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion?
This particular conspiracy theory has seen a revival in the 21st century under the name The Solutrean Hypothesis.
Jackson not only kept slaves (the exact number is estimated at just under 200), but traded in them,[8] opposed their eventual emancipation, and was exceptionally cruel to them. Jackson once paid for an "Advertisement for Runaway Slave" that offered $50 for the return of the slave "and ten dollars extra, for every hundred lashes any person will give him."[9] Jackson oversaw the implementation of the "gag rule" that forbade discussion of slavery in Congress.[10] During the Seminole Wars he destroyed a fort that served as a refuge for former slaves, executed the fort's free black commander and forced the survivors back into slavery.[11]
Sheer WTFery[edit]
On his first day in office, Jackson's supporters thoroughly trashed the White House, starting a tradition of sorts.[12] He famously beat an attempted assassin so viciously that he had to be pulled off of him, letting you know the man was undoubtedly batshit. On his last day in office, Jackson lamented that he "had been unable to shoot Henry Clay or to hang John C. Calhoun." While this may seem like a joke, he was likely not attempting humor.[note 1] To top it off, he shot a man in a duel when that man referred to his wife as a bigamist, which was technically correct since she wasn't able to divorce her first husband. Notably, the man insulting him was the fastest shot in the county; knowing he just screwed up, Jackson's plan for the duel was, rather than try to beat the guy to the first shot, instead let the guy shoot as quickly (and inaccurately) as possible; with a bullet lodged in his chest that'd remain there for the rest of his life, Jackson's shot was more accurate, and deadlier. By the time he died, he had multiple bullets and a bayonet tip or two permanently lodged in his body, which, given the relative lack of painkillers, probably contributed to his general irritableness. During Jackson's funeral, his pet parrot had to be forcibly removed because it would not stop uttering profanities.[13]
Legacy[edit]
The American government nonetheless saw fit to put his portrait on its $20 bill; apparently, because he killed a bunch of British soldiers during the battle of New Orleans in the War of 1812, among a few other things, and got elected. Putting him on the twenty is especially odd considering that Jackson opposed paper money. When a movement arose in the 2010s to place a woman on US currency, the most popular proposal quickly became having her replace Jackson on the $20 (as opposed to Alexander Hamilton on the $10, the original idea) due to his checkered past, especially helped by the fact that Jackson being on the money in the first place had long been criticized.[note 2]Sure enough, it was announced in 2016 that Jackson would be replaced by Harriet Tubman in 2020, although Trump's buffoonery led to a delay in implementation.[15] This is hardly surprising given Trump has made it clear he is a fan of Jackson, hanging a portrait of him in the White House[16] and claiming he could have stopped the Civil War.[17]
He's also appeared on thirteen US postage stamps, more than anybody else save for George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Benjamin Franklin.
It goes without saying that Jackson's legacy today is a hotly contested and controversial one. From one perspective, historians credit him with breaking down the traditionalism and privilege emerging in the young nation, laying down the foundation for America's classically liberal, laissez-faire society and political culture. From a different viewpoint, they also credit him with ethnic cleansing, policies that were racist even by the standards of his time, a disastrous economic program, and an attitude towards slavery that radicalized both sides of the debate and saw growing problems ignored for future generations to solve. In general, the people who see him the most positively today are those that would have been amongst his political base back in the day - white, mostly male, rural dwellers with little means and often even less education. Urbanites, minorities of any kind, or any person with a college education tend to have a dimmer view of him. Unfortunately, his shtick of playing to poor whitey works even today, as evidenced by Donald Trump.
However, he probably had the most badass last words ever out of any other president. I killed the bank.
Defenders[edit]
With Jackson's crimes becoming more well known, it must be acknowledged that a small group of people have attempted to defend him from these charges. In 2019, Michael Knowles of The Daily Wire published an article titled "Keep Jackson On The $20 Bill" arguing against the aforementioned movement to remove him from currency.[18]
Regarding his treatment of Native Americans, Knowles writes:
Jackson’s critics assail him for presiding over the “Trail of Tears,” but the brutal Cherokee “Trail of Tears” began in May 1838, a full year after Jackson left office. Jackson did indeed support the policy of Indian Removal, an inevitable consequence of persistent conflicts between settlers and natives, but on roughly 70 occasions Jackson secured the relocation of Indians through negotiated treaties and federal payments totaling millions of dollars. The process of Indian Removal extended far beyond the presidencies of Andrew Jackson or even Martin Van Buren, ultimately spanning the administrations of nine separate presidents with official support from Congress. Moreover, as the Smithsonian reminded readers last year, the prevalence of wealthy, slave-holding Indians who marched their own black slaves down the "Trail of Tears" complicates the neat historical narrative preferred by modern revisionists.[18]
First off, Native Americans owning slaves has nothing to do with if their treatment in the hands of Jackson was justified, as it is possible to treat people incorrectly even if they are themselves doing something immoral. The Smithsonian article Knowles cites even specifically says "None of this lessens the very real hardship endured by Cherokees and other Native Americans compelled to abandon their homelands as a result of the Indian Removal Act."[19]
Knowles also gets some details wrong. He notes the Cherokee Trail of Tears began in 1838, however that is far from the only example of Indiana Removal in the United States following the passage of the Indian Removal Act. The first use of it was in late 1831 against the Choctaw,[20] while Jackson was still in the White House. Furthermore, even if Jackson was not the only President who engaged in the policy of Indian Removal, the reason he gets so much credit for it is because it was an idea he specifically pushed for. As Dylan Matthews notes in an article for Vox, "Jackson’s support for Native American removal began at least a decade before his presidency."[21]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ To be fair, Calhoun would not have been too big a loss. Calhoun was Jackson's first Vice President, an outspoken supporter of slavery who had an arguably treasonous bent.
- ↑ In 2000, the band Corporate Avengers used the lyrics "If Hitler was on the twenty dollar bill/How would the Jews feel" in their song "$20 bill."[14]
References[edit]
- ↑ Chait, "The Overdue Death of the South Democrats", NY Mag.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ United States History: "Panic of 1837: Van Buren's First Challenge."
- ↑ https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/major-ridge-ca-1771-1839
- ↑ Hicks, Brian, "The Cherokees vs. Andrew Jackson", Smithsonian Magazine March 2011.
- ↑ Birthday Story of Private John G. Burnett, Captain Abraham McClellan’s Company, 2nd Regiment, 2nd Brigade, Mounted Infantry, Cherokee Indian Removal, 1838–39, via UNC School of Education.
- ↑ https://www.infoplease.com/homework-help/us-documents/state-union-address-andrew-jackson-december-6-1830
- ↑ The Hauenstein Center: "How many of our presidents owned slaves?"
- ↑ "And Ten Dollars Extra, for Every Hundred Lashes Any Person Will Give Him, to the Amount of Three Hundred": A Note on Andrew Jackson's Runaway Slave Ad of 1804 and on the Historian's Use of Evidence by Robert P. Hay Tennessee Historical Quarterly Vol. 36, No. 4 (Winter 1977), pp. 468-478.
- ↑ Senate History: The Gag Rule
- ↑ Massacre Unveiled: Remembering the Negro Fort, The Arthur Ashe Legacy
- ↑ Jackson holds "open house" at the White House
- ↑ Polly Want a WHAT?! Andrew Jackson’s Pet Parrot, Presidential Pet Museum (Yes, that actually exists.)
- ↑ $20 Bill Genius
- ↑ Calmes, Jackie. "Harriet Tubman Ousts Andrew Jackson in Change for a $20." The New York Times, 20 April 2016 (recovered 25 May 2016).
- ↑ 5 Things to Know About the President Whose Portrait Donald Trump Chose for the Oval Office Politico
- ↑ Fact Check: Could Andrew Jackson Have Stopped The Civil War, As Trump Said? NPR
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 KNOWLES: Keep Jackson On The $20 Bill The Daily Wire
- ↑ How Native American Slaveholders Complicate the Trail of Tears Narrative
- ↑ Trail of Tears History
- ↑ Andrew Jackson was a slaver, ethnic cleanser, and tyrant. He deserves no place on our money. Vox