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Southern Strategy

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“”You don’t set a fox to watch the chickens just because he has had a lot of experience in the henhouse. … Nixon has never told the truth in his life. … He is against the small farmer. He is against small business, agriculture, public power. I don’t know what the hell he’s for, and that bird has the nerve to come to Texas and ask you to vote for him. If you do, you ought to go to hell.
—Harry Truman at a rally for Democratic Presidential nominee John F. Kennedy, 1960[1]:286-287[note 1]
“”Well, remember, all that area from which the Gore family comes was solid Democrat and progressive under [Franklin D.] Roosevelt for several decades. So they just didn't become Republicans because they all wanted to be bankers. They became it because they didn't like Black people, and they thought the Democrats were pushing integration too fast. And that's how the great split came about, to the shame of the whole country.
—Gore Vidal, in an interview with Paul Jay of The Real News Network on July 31st, 2007[2]

The Southern Strategy was Richard Nixon's strategy to whiteify the electorate so that Republicans could hold onto power in light of demographic changes. It began as a grab for southern states during the 1968 and 1972 elections: a combination of dog-whistle politics as well as a deliberately racist agenda, effectively throwing any social/moral clout that the GOP had a right to out the window.

It resulted in a total party realignment over issues of civil rights and racism. Democrats went from being the party who opposed civil rights to being the party that passed them,[note 2] and Southerners who were formerly Democrats voted Republican instead, because Republicans opposed progress in those areas to various extents. This was the most significant political realignment in the US since the "New Deal Coalition," and one that still continues to this day.

It's a myth![edit]

1928 Electoral College, Smith vs. Hoover

Pat Buchanan and Kevin PhillipsWikipedia (1940–2023) were both advisers to Nixon, and have either released material or given interviews in which they made the Southern Strategy plain. Both were advisers to Nixon during his 1968 presidential campaign, and Buchanan went on to serve Nixon in the White House. Buchanan released a 1971 Nixon White House memo, addressed to Attorney General H. R. Haldeman, to The New Yorker in 2008,[4] the highlights of which are:[5]

  • "From Day One, Nixon and I talked about creating a new majority… Northern Catholic ethnics and Southern Protestant conservatives — what we called the Rizzo[note 3] Democrats in the North and, frankly, the Wallace Democrats in the South.”
  • "nominate for the Supreme Court a Southern strict constructionist who would divide Democrats regionally"
  • "elicit white working-class support with tax relief and denunciations of welfare"
  • "Bumper stickers calling for black Presidential and especially Vice-Presidential candidates should be spread out in the ghettoes of the country … We should do what is within our power to have a black nominated for Number Two, at least at the Democratic National Convention."

The Nixon White House even predicted in the memo that it would divide the country along north-south lines and eventually cause the media to turn against them.

Phillips for his part, wrote the book The Emerging Republican Majority that described the Southern Strategy,[6] and is sometimes attributed as the Southern Strategy mastermind.[7]

Nixon's adoption of the strategy is often credited to two Southern Republicans, Harry Dent (a former aide to Strom Thurmond, perhaps the most iconic Dixiecrat to turn Republican over racial issues) and Fred Cheney LaRue (a Mississippi oil tycoon and future Watergate conspirator, otherwise known for accidentally shooting his father while hunting[note 4]).[8] Dent in particular played a major role in securing Southern support for Nixon during the 1968 campaign; he later wrote a memoir, The Prodigal South Turns to Power,[9] in which he lovingly details the development of the Southern Strategy and his own role in it.[10]

1952 Electoral College, Stevenson vs. Eisenhower

It's about states' rights![edit]

See the main article on this topic: States' rights

Lee Atwater, a political strategist for Ronald Reagan and George H.W. Bush, described the Southern Strategy in a 1981 interview:[11][12]

“”You start out in 1954 by saying, "Nigger, nigger, nigger." By 1968 you can't say "nigger" — that hurts you. Backfires. So you say stuff like forced busing, states' rights and all that stuff. You're getting so abstract now [that] you're talking about cutting taxes, and all these things you're talking about are totally economic things and a byproduct of them is [that] blacks get hurt worse than whites. And subconsciously maybe that is part of it. I'm not saying that. But I'm saying that if it is getting that abstract, and that coded, that we are doing away with the racial problem one way or the other. You follow me — because obviously sitting around saying, "We want to cut this," is much more abstract than even the busing thing, and a hell of a lot more abstract than "Nigger, nigger."

History[edit]

The Southern Strategy was not a single fixed strategy, but one that evolved over many years.[13]

1936 — The early seeds[edit]

In 1936, Vance Muse, a Republican operative and racist anti-semite who also founded the modern "right to work" movement, organized with Georgia's brutal white supremacist Governor Eugene Talmadge a "Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution,"Do You Believe That? funded by both Northern Republican-leaning industrialists who owned DuPont, Sun Oil and General Motors, and wealthy Confederates like Texan cotton broker Will Clayton,[14]:451-54 so that they could exploit anti-New Deal and anti-FDR hatred in the South.[15][16]

The "Southern Committee to Uphold the Constitution," whose leaders found a temporary bizarre alliance with Huey Long,[17]:73[18]:140[19]:445 dubbed themselves "Jeffersonian Democrats," frivolously branding national Democrats as communists.[20]:190[21]:127

1940s[edit]

See Dixiecrat
“”My forebears were Confederates… but my very stomach turned over when I had learned that Negro soldiers, just back from overseas, were being dumped out of Army trucks in Mississippi and beaten.
—Harry Truman on desegregating the military.[22]:429

1950s[edit]

“”The idea that Goldwater started the Southern Strategy is bullshit.
—Nixon, in an interview with biographer Herbert Parmet[23]:326

Stung from losing 5 presidential elections in a row (4 for Roosevelt and 1 for Truman), a few Republicans began actively courting Dixiecrats starting in the early 1950s, particularly Senator Karl Mundt of South Dakota and Republican National Chair Guy Gabrielson.[24]:174-175

In a post-presidential interview, Nixon argued that Goldwater had not originated the Southern Strategy, but that it had originated it in the 1950s with Eisenhower's campaigns in 1952 and 1956.[23]:326} This is something Nixon would have been privy to since he ran as Eisenhower's Vice President in both campaigns.

1964 — The inspiration[edit]

1964 Electoral College, Goldwater vs. Johnson
“”I think we just gave the south to the Republicans.
—President Lyndon Johnson after signing the 1964 Civil Rights Act.[25]
“”While not himself a racist, Mr. Goldwater articulated a philosophy which gave aid and comfort to the racist. His candidacy and philosophy would serve as an umbrella under which extremists of all stripes would stand.
—Martin Luther King Jr.'s stance on Goldwater,[26]

The 1964 GOP convention was the whitest it had ever been, with no African American delegates from any Southern State. Nelson Rockefeller, who supported civil rights, had offered an amendment to improve the "weak and weasel-worded" civil rights plank by denouncing the KKK and the John Birch Society, but was shouted down by delegates.[24]:181 "The few Black Republicans who attended were verbally abused and physically assaulted. One had his suit set on fire. His attacker screamed, 'Keep your own place!'"[24]:181-182[27]:57 African American baseball hero and longtime Republican Jackie Robinson said of his experience at the convention:[28]

“”If I could couch in one single sentence the way I felt, watching this controlled steam-roller operation roll into high gear, I would put it this way, I would say that I now believe I know how it felt to be a Hitler's Germany.

Barry Goldwater accomplished a task that, until 1964, had been seen as physically impossible — he won five states in the Deep South for the Republican Party, which had been seen for the past hundred years as the party of Abraham Lincoln and the past ten years as "The War of Northern Aggression". Even more incredibly, those five states were, apart from Goldwater's home state of Arizona (which he only won by about 1%), the only states that he won in what was otherwise a Democratic landslide, turning established political battle lines on their heads. He was able to do this because of his voting record against anti-racism legislation versus the incumbent, Lyndon Johnson, who was in favor of civil rights. The South had, until that point, been a solidly Democratic voting bloc, often called the "Solid South". Nixon, taking note of this, campaigned on subtle states' rights themes in 1968 and 1972 in an attempt to keep the Deep South in the Republican column. It doesn't matter whether Goldwater or Nixon were actually racists or wanted racist outcomes (for the record they were — though not as rabidly or overtly as the voters they courted). All they wanted was racist votes, and Nixon campaigned on "states' rights" within the context of this issue so as to favor the legal outcome that the racists wanted, without having to actually be openly racist.

That Southerners could be persuaded to vote Republican in presidential races by the 1960s is attributable to the greater power of race than class by that time. For the first half of the 20th century, white Protestant voters in the South tended to be quite populist on economic issues, forming an important part of the New Deal Coalition and supporting government infrastructure projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority. However, they were rabidly reactionary on race and other social issues, often preventing Franklin D. Roosevelt and the northern liberal wing of the Democratic Party from taking action on lynching and segregation.

As the South grew in affluence after World War II, class tension began to fade. At the same time, the civil rights movement that began in the 1950s and gained momentum in the 1960s put race into sharper perspective, while other cultural changes in the 1960s (the sexual revolution, the counterculture, the New Left) also drove white religious conservatives in both the North and the South away from the Democrats. The latter in particular placed another once-solidly Democratic voting bloc, the working-class Catholic voters of the northern industrial cities, into play, something that Nixon and future Republicans would also take notice of.

1968 — Failure and success[edit]

1968 Electoral College, Humphrey vs. Nixon vs. Wallace

In 1968, this strategy failed to win over most of the South, although Nixon did win the election after carrying a few, but enough, southern states. The reason was Alabama's Democratic governor, George Wallace, running on a third party ticket — the American Independent Party, or AIP, which staunchly opposed civil rights and won over a lot of disaffected white Southerners who still couldn't bring themselves to vote for "the party of Lincoln."[29] Wallace won five Southern states in 1968, then returned to the Democratic Party and sought their nomination unsuccessfully in 1972 and 1976, while the AIP became an increasingly fringy hangout for John Birchers and washed-up segregationists in subsequent presidential elections.

The organized conservative movement was split during that time as to their electoral strategy. One faction wanted to build the American Independent Party, while the other sought to take over the Republican Party; the latter eventually won out. In 1972, the American Independent Party nominated Bircher John G. Schmitz of California, who did poorly and carried no states at all, with his highest vote percentage of 9.3% in Idaho, then split into two factions (southern segregationists in the American Independent Party, Birchers in the American Party) for the 1976 and 1980 elections and faded off into history. The American Independent Party is now only active in California (and likely only survives there because of independents accidentally signing up for the party), and gave Alan Keyes their ballot line in 2008.

1972 — Success and sadness[edit]

1972 Electoral College, McGovern vs. Nixon
“”From now on, the Republicans are never going to get more than 10% to 20% of the negro vote and they don’t need any more than that… The more negroes who register as Democrats in the South, the sooner the negrophobe whites will quit the Democrats and become Republicans. … Without that prodding from blacks, the whites will backslide into their old comfortable arrangement with the local Democrats.
—Kevin Phillips, adviser to President Nixon, 1970.[25]

With the AIP nomination of Schmitz, any hope conservatives had of the AIP as a viable electoral vehicle in the South faded, and Nixon played his Southern strategy well in 1972, sweeping all of the Bible Belt and most of the rest of the country. Among the bones Nixon threw out to the South was his nomination of two anti-civil rights judges to the Supreme Court, George Harrold Carswell and Clement Haynesworth. Neither of them won confirmation by the Senate; Carswell was later busted in a public restroom soliciting an undercover policeman for sex.[30] The more things change…

Tricky Dick also played to ignorant rubes in northern cities, such as the (at the time) thuggish AFL-CIO trade union leadership who had organized pro-Vietnam War riots in the wake of the Kent State shootings, and popularized "Silent Majority" as a neologism — which included playing the racism card in the south and the patriotism card in the north. Both the formerly-solid South and longtime union/Democratic strongholds in the Rust Belt went heavily for Nixon. Since that time, the conservative movement's strategy has been to use the Republican Party as their electoral vehicle.

1976 — Scandals will have their way[edit]

1976 presidential election: Carter vs Ford. Note how Virginia is the only southern state to vote Republican this election.

Nixon, of course, was pwned in 1974 by Watergate bunglers Chuck Colson and G. Gordon Liddy and turned the reins over to Gerald Ford. The Democratic nomination of the Governor of Georgia, Jimmy Carter, running as the anti-Watergate candidate, temporarily halted the Southern strategy, as Carter won every Southern state except for Virginia. Carter might well have won Virginia too if not for those spoilers, the Socialist Workers Party, the Libertarian Party, and Lyndon LaRouche's U.S. Labor Party. Drat you Ralph Nader!

As the 1968 and 1976 elections showed, the South was still reluctant to move into the Republican column, especially if a Southerner was on the Democratic ticket. However, the conservative movement had gotten fully behind Ronald Reagan, who gave the incumbent Ford a strong challenge for the Republican nomination, and the Southern strategy was resurrected during the late 1970s in a more organized form involving the rise of the Religious Right and groups like the Moral Majority, all intended to change the political landscape in the South for good. Part of this strategy also involved wooing ultraconservative Southern Democratic politicians to switch parties, and some did.

1980 and 1984[edit]

Reagan and campaign advisor Lee Atwater in 1983

In 1980, Reagan launched his campaign in Philadelphia, Mississippi,[31] Philadelphia was symbolic, showing the Southern strategy was alive and well.[32] Philadelphia is the town infamous for the murder of three civil rights workers by the Ku Klux Klan in 1964.[33][note 5] There really was no other reason at all for Reagan to launch his campaign there or even visit the area. Philadelphia was a backwater rural part of Mississippi, with a population of less than 7000 at the time; the state itself possessed only seven electoral votes.[25] Throughout his speech, Reagan never once mentioned those three murdered civil rights advocates.

The Reagan campaign also repeatedly used racially-coded language during its quest for the White House. Historian Dan Carter noted that "Reagan showed that he could use coded language with the best of them, lambasting welfare queens, busing, and affirmative action as the need arose".[36]:64

Reagan won with a combination of the Southern Strategy and figuring out how to get the working poor angry at the welfare poor and vote Republican. From that point onward, the GOP's pro-Southern transition would be known as the "Age of Reagan" or the "Reagan Era".

So it goes…[edit]

In this 1983 photo GOP Vice President Papa Bush (center) plots his 1988 Southern strategy with two incumbent Democratic Southern Governors, Bill Clinton (left) and George Wallace (right).
“”For the last 40-plus years we had a "Southern strategy" that alienated many minority voters by focusing on the white male vote in the South. Well, guess what happened in 1992, folks, "Bubba" went back home to the Democratic Party and voted for Bill Clinton.
—Michael Steele[37]

While the southern United States has been viewed since 1980 as the most solid Republican voting bloc, recent elections have shown a number of cracks starting to develop in this strategy. Bill Clinton won much of the South (although mostly the border states rather than the Deep South) in 1992 and 1996, and Barack Obama carried Virginia and Florida in 2008 and 2012. North Carolina, too, also went for Obama in 2008, and while it went for Mitt Romney in 2012, it was by a margin of just two points. Joe Biden carried Georgia in 2020, as well as Virginia which by that point was a solid blue state. Due to Sun Belt migration patterns, some political observers are predicting a split in the South as a unified political bloc, with the eastern Atlantic states (most notably the ones that Obama carried in 2008, along with the Atlanta area in Georgia) becoming liberal and Democratic-leaning and the Deep South remaining a conservative stronghold. Interestingly enough, Texas has also been shifting leftward due to the growth of minority populations in the state, but of course the Republican party is aware of the possibility of it flipping and has passed a number of voter suppression laws under the guise of "anti-voter fraud laws" in the state.[38]

That part of the strategy was genius. The Republican Party apparently realized that they could dump a bunch of money into state elections, and from there rig the Congressional districts to their favor. Then, with the Congress in perpetual gridlock, the power to pass effective laws falls to the state governments that Republicans happen to mostly control (again, due to gerrymandering). Icing on the cake: they can then blame all their state's problems on the White House.

Denialism[edit]

See the main article on this topic: Denialism

Despite the extensive evidence of the existence of the Southern Strategy, including from its primary architects, there are still people who deny its reality, including those who should know better. Carol M. Swain,Wikipedia a retired professor of political science and law at Vanderbilt University, argued in a PragerU video that the Southern Strategy was "fabricated by left-leaning academic elites and journalists…".[39][24]:169 Swain had acknowledged the existence of the strategy in an earlier book that she had written.[24]:170[40]:150 Who are you going to believe, the Dr. Swain who writes for a mostly-respectable, peer-reviewed publisher in 2002 (Cambridge University Press), or the Dr. Swain who writes for a conspiracy theorist outfit that pretends to be academic but is just a far-right advocacy group (PragerU) in 2017?

Ann Coulter has also claimed that the Southern Strategy is liberal "folklore".[41]:165 She claimed that "The single most important piece of evidence for the Republicans' alleged southern strategy is President Lyndon B. Johnson's statement, after signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, that 'we just delivered the South to the Republican Party for a long time to come."[41] This is simply not the case since the Atwater interview/confession was made public in the same year that Coulter's book came out in 2012, and the Haldeman White House memo from 1971 was made public in 2008.

Despite himself making the details of the strategy public in 2008, Buchanan later denied the existence of the strategy.[42][43]:78

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ In response, Kennedy joked, "“I have noted with interest your suggestion as to where those who vote for my opponent should go. While I understand and sympathize with your deep motivation, I think it is important that our side try to refrain from raising the religious issue."[1]:287
  2. ↑ As George Wallace said, there's not a "dime's worth of difference" between the two parties.[3]
  3. ↑ Richard J. Daley, Mayor of Chicago, and Frank Rizzo, Mayor of Philadelphia.
  4. ↑ Hello, Dick Cheney!
  5. ↑ It has at times been claimed that the speech was not in Philadelphia since the was actually given at the Neshoba County Fair, outside the city limits.[34] Despite this, the Fair has a Philadelphia address,[35] so that it took place in Philadelphia is more-or-less correct. Similarly, the three murdered civil rights workers (James Chaney, Andrew Goodman, and Michael Schwerner) did not take place in the city limits, but their fate had been sealed by a Klansman/cop who arrested them at a traffic stop before jailing them in Philadelphia and later participating in their murders.[33]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1960: LBJ vs. JFK vs. Nixon, The Epic Campaign that Forged Three Presidencies by David Pietrusza (2008) Union Square Press. ISBN 1402761147.
  2. ↑ Gore Vidal on the Democrats and Religion (5/7) by Gore Vidal (August 1, 2007) The Real News Network.
  3. ↑ Former Ala. Gov. George C. Wallace Dies by Richard Pearson (September 14, 1998) The Washington Post.
  4. ↑ The Fall of Conservatism: Have the Republicans run out of ideas? by George Packer (May 26, 2008) The New Yorker.
  5. ↑ Dividing the Democrats, memorandum to the Attorney General H. R. Haldeman (October 5, 1971) The White House, via The New Yorker (archived from July 15, 2008).
  6. ↑ The Emerging Republican Majority by Kevin P. Phillips (1969) Arlington House. ISBN 0870000586
  7. ↑ The GOP’s ‘southern strategy’ mastermind just died. Here’s his legacy. by Greg Sargent (October 12, 2023 at 7:30 a.m. EDT) The Washington Post.
  8. ↑ A Mysterious Power Frederick Cheney LaRue by Christopher Special (June 28, 1973) The New York Times.
  9. ↑ The Prodigal South Turns to Power by Harry S. Dent (1978) John Wiley and Sons. ISBN 0471039136.
  10. ↑ Harry Dent, an Architect of Nixon ‘Southern Strategy’, Dies at 77 by David Stout (October 2, 2007) The New York Times.
  11. ↑ Exclusive: Lee Atwater’s Infamous 1981 Interview on the Southern Strategy: The forty-two-minute recording, acquired by James Carter IV, confirms Atwater’s incendiary remarks and places them in context. by Rick Perlstein (November 13, 2012) The Nation.
  12. ↑ Lee Atwater (1981): Interview with Alexander P. Lamis: Rough Transcript: Weekend Reading (March 17, 2017 at 09:57) Grasping Reality by Brad DeLong.
  13. ↑ The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics by Angie Maxwell & Todd Shields (2019) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0190265965.
  14. ↑ The Nazi Hydra in America: Suppressed History of a Century, Wall Street and the Rise of the Fourth Reich by Glen Yeadon & John Hawkins (2008) Progressive Press. ISBN 0930852435
  15. ↑ As "Right To Work" becomes law in Wisconsin, a reminder of its inventor's racist past by Mark Ames (March 13, 2015) Pando (archived from September 24, 2015).
  16. ↑ You Hate "Right To Work" Laws More Than You Know. Here's Why by Mark Ames (10:41 a.m. December 12, 2012) NSFWCORP (archived from May 3, 2016).
  17. ↑ Michael Phillips, George Green, Sean Cunningham, Nancy Baker, Michael Lind, The Texas Right: The Radical Roots of Lone Star Conservatism. Texas A&M University Press, 2014. ISBN 1623490294.
  18. ↑ Roger Biles, The South and the New Deal. University Press of Kentucky, 1994. ISBN 0813191696
  19. ↑ Robert Mickey, Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944-1972. Princeton University Press, 2015. ISBN 0691149631
  20. ↑ Harnett T. Kane, Huey Long's Louisiana Hayride: The American Rehearsal for Dictatorship 1928-1940. Pelican Publishing, 1971. ISBN 0882896180.
  21. ↑ Dewey W. Grantham, The South in Modern America: A Region at Odds. Harpercollins, 1994. ISBN 0060167734.
  22. ↑ Harry S. Truman. by Margaret Truman (1973) William Morrow. ISBN 9780688000059.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American politics by Dan T. Carter (1995) Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0684809168.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 "The Southern Strategy" by Kevin M. Kruse. In: Myth America: Historians Take On the Biggest Legends and Lies About Our Past, edited by Kevin M. Kruse & Julian E. Zelizer (2022) Basic Books. ISBN 1541601394. Pages 169-196.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 American crossroads: Reagan, Trump and the devil down south by Ben Fountain (5 Mar 2016 07.00 EST Last modified on Fri 9 Feb 2018 14.16 EST) The Guardian.
  26. ↑ The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr., Chapter 23: The Mississippi Challenge, edited by Clayborne Carson (1986) Intellectual Properties Management. ISBN 0446676500.
  27. ↑ The Loneliness of the Black Republican: Pragmatic Politics and the Pursuit of Power by Leah Wright Rigueur (2016) Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691173648.
  28. ↑ When Jackie Robinson Confronted a Trump-Like Candidate: At its core, Barry Goldwater’s campaign threatened blacks’ ability to fully engage in a two-party system. by Matthew Delmont (Mar 19, 2016) The Atlantic.
  29. ↑ The 'angry man’s candidate': George Wallace and the roots of the American Independent Party by Christine Mai-Duc (April 17, 2016) Los Angeles Times.
  30. ↑ Did we already have a gay justice? by Josh Gerstein (05/05/2009 12:30 PM EDT) Politico.
  31. ↑ Ronald Reagan's 1980 Neshoba County Fair speech (April 8, 2021 2:53 pm) The Neshoba Democrat
  32. ↑ Seven Things About Ronald Reagan You Won’t Hear At The Reagan Library GOP Debate by Jon Schwarz (September 16 2015, 6:23 a.m.) The Intercept.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Murder in Mississippi American Experience, PBS.
  34. ↑ Southern Strategy denialism (February 2014) The Straight Dope. "This just shows how dishonest the entire accusation is. Reagan did not have a speech in Philadelphia, it was at the nearby Neshoba County Fair…" by puddlegum.
  35. ↑ Neshoba County Fair: 16800 Highway 21 S Philadelphia MS 39350 MapQuest.
  36. ↑ From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 by Dan T. Carter (1999) Louisiana State University Press. Revised edition. ISBN 9780807123669.
  37. ↑ Steele slammed for criticizing GOP's Southern strategy by Zachary Roth (April 23, 2010, 1:16PM) TPM (archived from April 26, 2010).
  38. ↑ 5 Ways Texas Suppresses The Vote — And How To Make Your Vote Count by Ashley Harris (January 17, 2022 - 6:00am) ACLU Texas.
  39. ↑ Why Did the Democratic South Become Republican? by Carol Swain (Jul 24, 2017) PragerU.
  40. ↑ The New White Nationalism in America: Its Challenge to Integration by Carol M. Swain (2002) Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521808863.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Mugged: Racial Demagoguery from the Seventies to Obama by Ann Coulter (2012) Sentinel. ISBN 1595230998.
  42. ↑ Pat Buchanan Whitewashing Racist Southern Strategy He Helped Devise. Pat Buchanan: Richard Nixon Was Not Racist by Oliver Willis (07/07/14 5:10 PM EDT) Media Matters for America.
  43. ↑ The Greatest Comeback: How Richard Nixon Rose From Defeat to Create the New Majority by Patrick J. Buchanan (2014) Crown. ISBN 9780553418637.
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