Fallacy fallacy
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The fallacy fallacy, which could also be called the "metafallacy", is a logical fallacy that occurs when it is claimed that if an argument contains a logical fallacy, the conclusion it was used to support is wrong. A true statement can be defended using false logic, so using false logic to defend an opinion is not proof of the opinion being wrong. This is where one needs to make a clear distinction between "sound", "valid" (including the distinction between scientific validity and logical validity), and "true", instead of taking all of them as synonymous.
The fallacy fallacy is sometimes rephrased as a command: Don't shoot the messenger. Just because the messenger is stupid, doesn't mean the message is.
The fallacy is a special case of denying the antecedent and is a formal fallacy. It is related to Rapoport's Rules.
Alternate names[edit]
- argument from fallacy
- argumentum ad logicam
- bad reasons fallacy
- fallacist's fallacy
Form[edit]
It takes the following form:
- P1: Argument A supports proposition P.
- P2: Argument A contains a logical fallacy.
- C: Proposition P is false.
There is nothing wrong with pointing out that the argument A is invalid. However, claiming that the entirety of proposition P (which could otherwise be an objective scientific truth or is supported by better arguments) is false, just because it could be, or is being, supported by fallacious argument A, is the fallacy fallacy.
Fallacy fallacy fallacy[edit]
Like Cohen's Law, this stacks nicely, or with amusing confusion. For a start, since the fallacy fallacy is itself a fallacy, it cannot be used to label an argument's conclusion as false without committing it in the process. "You have used the fallacy fallacy, therefore you are wrong" is as much an example as "you have used an ad hominem, therefore you are wrong" would be. In addition:
- A fallacy is an argument that doesn't follow proper rules of logic.
- A fallacy fallacy happens because true statements can be defended through fallacious arguments. Merely proving that an argument is fallacious does not prove that the whole entire position that it defends is immediately false.
- A fallacy fallacy fallacy then (or metafallacy fallacy), is the claim that disproving particular arguments or versions of a position is irrelevant to disproving the position itself. While fallacious reasoning in support of a position does not, in itself, provide absolute proof that the position is false, it does mean that the person making the argument has failed to present any case for it to be true.
Assertions that are supported only by fallacious reasoning and special pleading to get around debunked arguments, are unlikely to have much truth value. An example where this is very common is among psychics. Numerous individual psychics have been proven to be frauds, and study after study has shown that particular psychic abilities do not exist. Yet still there is an inexhaustible supply of psychics and alleged psychic abilities — and people willing to pay them. Hence, if any of this mountain of evidence against psychic powers is cited, psychics can merely reply "Well, you haven't proven me to be a fraud."
Because an X and its inverse cannot simultaneously be true, any argument that claims X and not X are both true can be discarded for doublethink. Furthermore, the metafallacy cannot be used to protect it since, again, X and not X cannot both be true.
Fallacy fallacy fallacy fallacy[edit]
A fallacy fallacy fallacy fallacy describes the improper application of a fallacy fallacy fallacy. Additionally, a fallacy fallacy fallacy fallacy may be misrepresented, resulting in a fallacy fallacy fallacy fallacy fallacy… ad infinitum.
But seriously now. Pointing out any fallacy might sound good, but if the whole argument turns into pointing out fallacies instead of… essentially arguing, the debate becomes pointless.
Inverse fallacy fallacy[edit]
A rare beast is the inverse fallacy fallacy, which holds that:
- P1: Argument A supports proposition P.
- P2: Proposition P is true.
- C: Argument A does not contain a logical fallacy.
This is equally ludicrous. If one argues that the sky must be blue because kittens are cute, and the sky actually is blue, this doesn't make the argument any less irrelevant.
Fallacy misidentification[edit]
Fallacy misidentification occurs when a logical fallacy is misidentified, or simply misunderstood.
Legitimate similar arguments[edit]
A fallacy fallacy does not occur if a debater merely points out that the opponent uses fallacies, without asserting that the opponent's position is therefore incorrect.
An argument of this form is perfectly valid when all possible arguments for a proposition are fallacious — indeed showing that all propositions are fallacies or somehow wrong is the way to disprove something, barring the proposition being unprovable, of course. This also allows for the prevention of abuse of the fallacy fallacy to create a argument from ignorance.
Fallacies of distraction or relevance (e.g. Straw man, Red herring) are something of a special case; if one of these fallacies is demonstrably present, the conclusion is not necessarily wrong, but it is, by definition, irrelevant.
However, due to the likely large number of arguments and fallacious arguments (from someone attempting a Gish gallop, for instance) in support of a proposition P, it would be easier to prove not P than to go about countering the various fallacious arguments, although this can be difficult when one's opponent is just asking questions and otherwise spewing bullshit, not even directly claiming that P is true.
Examples[edit]
- Bob argues that 64/16=4/1 because this is what is yielded by cancellation of the sixes. Alice commits the fallacy fallacy by claiming that Bob must be wrong since cancelling digits doesn't preserve the original ratio.
- Alice argues that the world is created because it exhibits design. Bob commits the fallacy fallacy by concluding that the world must not have been created, because Alice's argument is a non sequitur.
The following argument displays the fallacy fallacy:
- P1: The argument from design supports the proposition "God exists."
- P2: The argument from design is fallacious.
- C: Therefore, God does not exist.
Although the premises do provide strong evidence against a God as an interfering designer, these alone do not arrive at the more general conclusion of "God does not exist".
Prevalence[edit]
This fallacy's use is staggeringly common during internet debates, where pseudo-intellectualism reigns supreme. A person will seek out and attack any logical fallacy you use and dismiss your argument out of hand, without ever addressing the proposition. Fairly often, you might spot someone who will not even bother explaining why the fallacy is appropriate in that context. Some of the possible causes of this phenomenon include: they are being lazy and are just arguing by assertion, they are trying to distract from their argument and are poisoning the well, or they learnt a fancy new Latin phrase and want to use it regardless of its applicability. If they have incorrectly used the fallacy then they have committed the fallacy fallacy fallacy.
See also[edit]
External links[edit]
- Fallacy Fallacy and Bad Reasons Fallacy, Fallacy Files
- The Adventures of Fallacy Man (and Part II), Existential Comics
- Your logical fallacy is the fallacy fallacy, YLFI
- THE LOGICAL FALLACY FALLACY, Pedagog in the Machine
- Fallacy Fallacy podcast from YouAreNotSoSmart