Morton's fork
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Morton's fork is the term given to a tricky bit of sophistry in which a conclusion is drawn in several different ways that contradict each other. It is named after Cardinal John Morton (Henry VII of England's sidekick). Morton was a tax collector. If someone was lavish in their spending, it was proof that they were rich and could afford to pay what was asked; if they were less forthcoming, it was evidence that they must have a great deal of savings from living such an austere lifestyle, and hence could likewise afford to pay. However, in Morton's defense, this tactic was primarily intended for prying money out of the clutches of tax-dodging Monopoly Men who were already known to be rich (some things never change, do they?).
Variations of this are often used by creationists, who will use any observation, as well as its inverse, as "proof" of Biblical literalism.[note 1] This is also a favorite of conspiracy theorists, who believe evidence against the conspiracy is actually evidence for the conspiracy because those perpetrating the conspiracy are obviously covering up the necessary evidence.
This fallacy can be neatly summed up by the phrase "Heads, I win; Tails, you lose."
Eliezer Yudkowsky discusses this fallacy when formulating what he calls the law of conservation of expected evidence: if data D is considered evidence for hypothesis H, then the opposite data ~D must be considered evidence against hypothesis H.[1] In this sense, evidence-based reasoning is different from deductive reasoning (formal logic-based), where does not imply .
Examples[edit]
Argument from fine tuning[edit]
The argument from fine tuning attempts to prove the existence of a god, by showing that the likelihood of a universe arising in which our life is supported is so small, that our existence in a universe that supports us shows something must have created the universe for us. Essentially, it states that because we are in a universe which can support our life, but it seems likely that most "possible" universes could not support our life, a god must have ensured this universe supports our life.
However, if we existed in any of the multitude of "possible" universes that clearly shouldn't support our life, this would then become evidence that some god had somehow protected us so we formed despite all possibilities, rather than the universe forming to support us despite all the possibilities. So either a god exists because we are in one of the few and rare "possible" universes that can support our life without a god, or a god exists because we are in one of the many universes that can't support our life without a god.
Witch hunts[edit]
During many periods of history, including the Salem Witch Trials, the European witch-hunts, and the McCarthy Era, the question has been posed to anyone presumed guilty of a crime: if they did confess, then they would be relieved of their belongings (which would, more often than not, end up with their accuser)[note 2] and set free to die on their own, whereas if they declared themselves innocent, they would be tortured to death, then relieved of their belongings, as a truly guilty person would never confess. This was later applied in Arthur Miller's play, The Crucible,
which while set during the period of the Salem Witch Trials, was allegorical for the then-contemporary McCarthyism.
Other examples are listed by Friedrich Spee von Langenfeld, a German priest who opposed witch hunts, in his 1631 work Cautio Criminalis. If a woman led an evil and improper life, it was considered proof that she was a witch; if she led a good and proper life, this was also considered evidence that she was a witch, because witches try to appear virtuous.[1]
In fiction[edit]
A well-known example occurs in the comedy film Monty Python's Life of Brian when the protagonist, an ordinary Jewish man in 1st century Jerusalem who accidentally gathers a crowd of religious devotees, tries to convince them that he's not the Messiah.
- Brian: I'm not the Messiah! Will you please listen? I'm not the Messiah! Do you understand? Honestly!
- Followers: Only the true Messiah denies his divinity.
- Brian: What? Well, what sort of chance does that give me? All right, I am the Messiah!
- Followers: He is! He is the Messiah!
In Dune Part 2 (2024), in possibly in homage to this scene, Paul's denial of being the Lisan Al-Gaib is seen by Stilgar as further proof that he is.
Alternate interpretation[edit]
The term "Morton's fork" is also sometimes used more broadly to refer to any situation where one party can choose between a number of courses of action, none of which have a favorable result. I.e. "damned if you do, damned if you don't." Examples:
- The Nuremberg defense ("I was just following orders") has sometimes been, well, defended by pointing out that the soldiers using it were put in such a situation the instant they were given those orders: Either they could maybe be punished later for committing a war crime if they lost, or they could definitely be punished now for, you know, disobeying a direct order.
- In 2011, a twenty-year-old woman claimed she'd been knocked up by Justin Bieber the year before and sued him for compensation. The dumbass would've been sent to jail regardless of how the case turned out, since Bieber was 16 at the time of the supposed sexual encounter: if she lost, for fraud; if she won, for having sex with a minor. The case quietly went away.
- Woomeisters who flaunt "the world will end on this specific date" predictions tend to realize all too late that they've impaled themselves on Morton's long, pointy fork. Either they turn out to be right, in which case they're probably dead along with everyone else, or they turn out to be wrong, in which case their credibility is permanently ruined.
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Hysterically, creationists and apologists themselves are easily subject to Morton's fork (at least in the sense that TV Tropes uses the term (or is it a Sadistic Choice?)), since virtually every single argument they rely on is a PRATT. This forces the creationist or apologist to either resort to an escape hatch or admit that their arguments are either outright wrong or based on faith alone if stuck in a debate with a sufficiently-informed skeptic.
- ↑ This created an extra incentive for people to accuse each other of heinous acts as a form of legal robbery, which is exactly what happened.