Ultracrepidarianism

Cogito ergo sum Logic and rhetoric

Key articles

Logical fallacy Syllogism Argument

General logic

Presupposition Confusion of the inverse Modus tollens Slothful induction Four-term fallacy Leading question

Bad logic

Two wrongs make a right Red herring Loaded question Pragmatic fallacy Logically Fallacious Appeal to common sense v - t - e

“”Ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret. (The cobbler should not judge beyond the sandal.)

—Apelles of Kos, according to Pliny

“”If you don’t understand the basics of a subject, it’s easy to form conclusions that seem logical, but these same conclusions seem silly to those who have a deeper understanding of a subject.

—Peter Lipson

Ultracrepidarianism is the tendency for people to confidently make authoritative pronouncements in matters above or outside one's level of knowledge. Often, those pronouncements fall entirely outside the ultracrepidarian's realm of legitimate expertise.

Another expression of ultracrepidarianism, as instantiated by those with an actual expertise in something, is the tendency to start treating all other fields as somehow being sub-categories to your own field: epistemologists saying "it's all epistemology in the end", mathematicians saying "it's all mathematics in the end", physicists saying "it's all physics in the end", psychologists saying "it's all psychology in the end" (et cetera) and thus proceeding to apply their methods to a completely different field which they hardly realize they don't understand.

The lesson is that being an expert means being an expert at something — and "something" is specific, not universal. In other words, various forms of expertise are not interchangeable.

Explanation

“”Don't assume that because somebody has one intellectual skillset, they have another — that those tools apply to all types of intelligence, thinking or claims. They don't.

—Steven Novella, The Skeptics' Guide to the Universe

If the quoted "authority" has no expertise in the relevant field, then their authority is irrelevant to the truth of the matter.

For example, a claim that "the speed of light is about 299,792,458 meters per second" could be supported with the statements of physicists who've studied the issue; it could not be supported with the statements of a manufacturer of crayons, or even those of a biologist or chemist (that is, persons who are legitimate scientists, but in a different field).

"Scientific dogma" is often challenged by people who have no clue about the field they're criticizing. The comic's mouseover text: "I mean, what's more likely – that I have uncovered fundamental flaws in this field that no one in it has ever thought about, or that I need to read a little more? Hint: it's the one that involves less work."

Of course, this is a gross simplification. The value of the speed of light is derived from the definition of the meter, established (most recently) in 1983 by the 17^th General Conference of Weights and Measures. Its value is generally-accepted basic scientific knowledge, an easily findable and learnable fact; even the most bloody-minded, hostile, and mean-drunk physics professor imaginable is not going to ding a Ph.D. candidate for not citing a source for it. Anyone who doesn't feel the need to reinvent the wheel by measuring the speed of light for him/herself can look it up in a standard reference — or even by googling "speed of light".

Stating it requires no particular expertise. Strictly speaking, Bill Nye, in stating the value of the speed of light, is resting the statement on the authority of the 17^th General Conference just as much as the average microbial geneticist or gherkin importer would be, and either one could and would refer a person who questions the value to any standard reference.

The important point here is that the speed of light is so well researched, demonstrated, and accepted that its value is non-controversial. Ultracrepidarianism would enter the picture if a microbial geneticist (or a gherkin importer), rather than someone in a relevant field of physics, were to claim that the currently-accepted value for the speed of light is meaningfully incorrect. Or, of course, if a physicist were to challenge work in sociology (unless perhaps the challenge was based on faulty statistics, as both physicists and sociologists make great use of statistics in their work).

Origin

Pliny the Elder records the Greek artist Apelles' willingness to accept a cobbler's criticism of his rendering of a sandal, but rejection of other artistic advice, saying, "ne supra crepidam sutor iudicaret'", meaning "Let the cobbler not judge beyond the crepida". This is where the "crepida" (a Greek sandal) in ultracrepidarian means; taken literally, it would mean "one who goes beyond the crepida".

A plain English adage, "cobbler, stick to your last", means essentially the same thing; last, in this case, is the mold a shoe is formed around.

Examples

• Mike Bara (aerospace technician, NASA conspiracies and other pseudoastronomy)
• Ben Carson (neurosurgeon, medical woo)
• William Dembski (PhDs in mathematics and philosophy, advocating intelligent design and general creationist apology)
• Grover Furr (professor of Medieval English literature, historical-negationist Soviet history)
• Helen Joyce (mathematician, anti-trans crankery)
• Michio Kaku (physicist, science woo including JAQing about UFOs)
• Robert F. Kennedy Jr. (environmental lawyer, medical crankery)
• Emil O. W. Kirkegaard (linguist, race/intelligence and sexology)
• Ray Kurzweil (computer scientist, diet woo and weird futurist predictions)
• C. S. Lewis (philologist, Christian apologism)
• Phil Mason (chemist, anti-feminist crankery)
• Kary Mullis (biochemist, various crank ideas including HIV/AIDS denialism and alien-related claims)
• Linus Pauling (chemist, medical woo)
• Jordan Peterson (clinical psychologist, medical woo and general regressive crankery)
• Pierre-Marie Robitaille (radiologist, weird pseudoastronomnical theories)
• Abigail Shrier (lawyer, anti-trans crankery)
• Kathleen Stock (philosopher, anti-trans crankery)
• Nassim Nicholas Taleb (statistician, anti-GMO crankery)
• Sam Harris (neuroscientist, self-proclaimed philosopher, made incorrect statements concerning other fields e.g. physics)
• Neil deGrasse Tyson (astrophysicist, incorrect statements concerning other fields e.g. math)
• Jared Diamond (physiologist-turned-ornithologist-turned geographer-turned brown people expert, author of the 1997 popular history book Guns, Germs and Steel aka "it's all geography in the end")
• The Weinstein brothers, Eric and Bret, both of flaunt their credentials (PhDs in mathematical physics and evolutionary biology, respectively) to vindicate their crackpot conspiracy theories on the liberal establishment and vaccines
• Shills and/or experts for hire, such as the late S. Fred Singer and Frederick Seitz, also tend to fall into this category.

See also

• Stopped clock
• Inverse stopped clock
• Nobel disease
• Dunning-Kruger effect
• Delusions of grandeur
• Credentialism
• Igon Value Problem
• Appeal to authority
• Appeal to celebrity
• One-way hash argument

External links

• George Orwell Versus the Flat Earth, discussing an article by Orwell about the relationship between non-experts and scientific knowledge.