Joseph was Imhotep

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The idea that the Joseph of the Old Testament was Imhotep is a mixture of the usual "Biblical history" pseudo-historical distortion, with a bit of crossover appeal to the lunatic fringe "Alternative" Egyptology nuts. It's a kind of anti-intellectual, anti-historical supermarket, with something for everyone.

Historiography

Jason Colavito has traced the historiography of the connection between pyramids and Joseph's grain silos to the late antiquity and early medieval writers Julius Honorius and Gregory of Tours. Honorius' Cosmographia, probably written in the 4^th or 5^th century CE, specifically mentioned that the pyramids were Joseph's granaries, whereas Gregory's 6^th century History of the Franks alluded to the same idea, but without using the word "pyramid". However, as Colavito points out, these ideas flourished only during the Middle Ages in Europe when access to and knowledge of ancient Egypt was extremely scarce, and that as soon as contact and knowledge began to pick up in the early modern era (from the 16^th century onward), the idea that the pyramids were Joseph's granaries quickly receded. Thus, once again, a Biblical literalist/creationist claim can be traced to dusting off some piece of outdated and/or dubious scholarship (for instance, Gregory seemingly knew little of foreign lands or the history of antiquity) and trying to cherry pick or PIDOOMA anything that can even remotely be construed as fitting with these passé arguments.

Claims

In a nutshell, the claim is very simple. Basically, Imhotep, the Vizier of the 3^rd Dynasty Pharaoh Djoser, was Joseph of the Old Testament, who was sold into slavery in Egypt by his good, god-fearing Abrahamic family (Genesis 38:27). Thus, Joseph wasn't "just another Asiatic" forgotten by Egyptian history, but the single greatest influence on the entire civilization.

Names and etymology

All sites promoting this theory shy away from tackling the vagaries of the Egyptian language in a decisive manner:

“”Imhotep was revered as the son of PTAH, a creator-god of Memphis, the patron god of craftsmen; equated by the Greeks with Hephaestus. The cult of Imhotep reached its zenith in Greco-Roman times when sick people slept in his temples with the hope that the 'god' would reveal remedies to them in dreams — much like Edgar Cayce's legendary abilities. The 'TA' in Ptah means earth. Take the P and H and add them to (D)Jose(r) and you have Joseph — which doesn't mean anything, but it is interesting just the same.

—Betty Rhodes

Rhodes here readily admits that her etymological gymnastics is pointless, so why include it, except to plant suggestion in the gullible, perhaps? Furthermore, it should be emphasised that the etymology of the name Ptah is in fact far from certain, and there is no scholarly consensus on the issue (besides everyone agreeing that no one knows for certain). Rhodes has also evidently played with a "Write Your Name in Hieroglyphs" program, and come up with some not-very-interesting results, reproduced here with Jsesh. Note the only differences are colouring and sizing for readability, and the orientation of all texts to read LTR, in keeping with standard transcription practice:

The numerous issues with this shall be dealt with line by line.

Zaphanathpaaneah

Here Rhodes is engaging in a baseless experiment with serious misunderstanding about Egyptian writing. She has simply spelt out the English translation of the name into monoliteral hieroglyphs, in the way Egyptian souvenir sellers do, right down to the impossibly stupid mistake of writing the p and h and t and h as separate symbols. Why not use the Hebrew? Hebrew is, after all, a distant cousin of Egyptian, and they share much closer phonetic values than English and Egyptian. This gives (very dubiously) "sfntp3nẖ" – at the very least, roughly eight sounds would be expected for the eight Hebrew letters (tz-ph-n-th-p-'-n-kh) – possibly more or fewer, but certainly not fifteen!

Quite what this exercise shows isn't very clear, besides it being possible to render the English translation name in hieroglyphs, which of course is no more of a "coincidence" than it being possible to transliterate 胡锦涛 into the Latin alphabet. Still, it'd be fun yet pointless, if it wasn't totally wrong.

The rendering of "H" in Egyptian is famously complicated, due to phonetic values used in Egyptian. English (and thus the English transliteration of Zaphanathpaaneah) has only one "H" sound (as in "house" or "horse"). Egyptian has four "H Sounds" – H as in "horse" (in the International Phonetic Alphabet, /h/), an emphatically pronounced "H" (/ħ/), a more guttural "KH" sound, equivalent to the "loch" in Scottish pronunciation (/χ/), and its softer cousin, equivalent to the "ich" in German (/ç/). These are treated as entirely separate values in Egyptian, and have different monoliteral signs. This again makes us ask why Rhodes didn't attempt this interesting but meaningless exercise between Hebrew and Egyptian, rather than English.

Finally, perhaps a rather minor point, but no hieroglyphs that could represent the name "Zaphanathpaaneah" (or the Septuagint's "Psonthomphanech") have ever been found. Never. Not once.

Imhotep

No, he wasn't Bubba either.

The rendition given here by Rhodes is incorrect technically as well as historically. This rendition was never used to write the name of Imhotep, the reason being it is wrong. The lasso sign, 4^th from left (V4 in Gardiner classification) has the phonetic value "w3", not "O".

The version she gives below (noted in the reproduction as "as historically written") is indeed correct. Note how her two fictional renderings of Imhotep and Zaphanathpaaneah look vaguely similar, in a contracted sort of way, but in the case of historical example don't hold up.

Ptah

This rendering is spelt incorrectly. The "A" sound in Ptah is a modern corruption. Ptah's name in hieroglyphs was rendered "ptḥ", and is academically vocalised as "Pteh" or "Peteh", as Egyptian words are not yet fully understood in their Pre-Coptic forms (all pre-Coptic Egyptian writing systems omitted vowels, in the same manner ancient Arabic and Hebrew systems did).

As far as etymology is concerned, Rhodes is totally correct in one of her statements… It "doesn't mean anything, but it's interesting, just the same."

Grain silos of Imhotep

Cutaway diagram of typical mastaba

The site "Joseph and Israel in Egypt" shows aerial photographs of the Step Pyramid complex at Saqqara, including what the author claims to be grain silos.

They are, in fact, nothing of the sort. They are mastaba tombs, large, rectangular structures containing a tomb chapel, offering area and false door for the deceased, and a concealed burial chamber at the bottom of a shaft accessed only from above to keep it secure. Actual Egyptian storage facilities were long, narrow magazines. Comparison photos can be seen below:

Mastaba	Storage Magazine/Silo
Aerial view of mastabas at Saqqara called "silos" by J&IiE	Aerial view of actual storage magazines, at the Ramesseum
Mastabas from ground view	Ramesseum storage magazines from ground view

From the aerial view, it is possible that some people may erroneously be taken in by this deceit by misrepresentation. A ground view quickly makes it clear to all that the two structures are utterly different. The only reason for using a highly zoomed (and thus unclear) aerial picture is to mislead.

Mary Nell Wyatt also makes mention of the granaries/silos of Imhotep-Joseph but focuses on different structures, also in Saqqara, and not far from the Step Pyramid of Djoser, some very large pits dug in the living rock. However, these are entirely unrelated to the pyramid complex, and date to a completely different time period, to the 26^th Dynasty (7^th century BCE) onward. The author apparently has little concept of envisaging an archaeological site in 4 dimensions (in 3 dimensions of space and also in the 4^th dimension, time), which is fundamental to understanding its development. Wyatt writes:

“”Surrounding the Step Pyramid, the first ever built, is a very beautiful and elaborate wall containing 13 false entrances and one real. At the main entrance on the east wall at the southern end, one enters a long hall of 40 columns — 20 on each side. Each column is connected to the main wall by a perpendicular wall, forming small rooms between each column. As you exit this colonnade and walk straight ahead, you come to a series of very large pits which extend deep into the earth.

—Mary Nell Wyatt

To Wyatt, the fact these features can now be seen at the same time and close together must mean they were built at the same time and for a shared purpose. In fact, the time between the construction of the hypostyle hall and the shaft tombs is greater than the time between the death of Julius Caesar and the present day.

She then disputes the consensus amongst Egyptologists that these structures were tombs, stating that there are:

• Not Underground – Well, they are holes in the ground. By most sane definitions, that is subterranean. If by this the author means to say they are open to the air, well they are now, because they have been excavated. They were originally covered.

• Incredibly Large – To be honest, saying something can't be a tomb because it's too large and/or over the top in respect to anything from Pharaonic Egypt is like trying to argue the sky is green. These shaft tombs contained, and were intended for, multiple burials.

Saqqara was a "city"

Model shrines in the pyramid enclosure of Djoser at Saqqara. Note, where the middle structure is partially ruined, the solid stone core can clearly be seen, showing the building to be a "fake", or model. Also, just visible in the image, the blank wall behind the "doorway" on the left hand structure can just be seen.

Wyatt quote mines the useful but outdated Scepter of Egypt by William Hayes, to portray Saqqara as a living, working city. However, Hayes' quote of a "veritable city in itself" is taken seriously out of context, for Hayes continues:

“”These remarkable buildings, excavated and restored by the Egyptian Government's expedition at Sakkareh are replicas in stone of the light wood, reed and brick structures of earlier times

—William Hayes

What Hayes doesn't make entirely clear, is that the enclosure around the step pyramid (but not its surrounding mastabas, beyond its enclosure wall) is filled with what appear to be buildings to the casual observer. All of these buildings are "fake". They are dummy structures, solid stone with no internal spaces (except the occasional space the depth of the open door), built for religious purposes to serve as a court for the Pharaoh to celebrate his jubilees in the afterlife. Whilst some magazines would have existed to supply the temple cults of the deceased Pharaoh, this place wasn't a real palace or city. The real treasury and granaries during the time of Djoser were in Memphis proper, a site mostly buried under millennia of accumulated Nile alluvium, and which, temples aside, was built from mud-brick, a material which has the unfortunate tendency to dissolve in water.

Chronology

Most of the sites dealing with the Imhotep = Joseph story quietly sidestep the chronological conundrum that their claim dives headlong into. Only Wyatt deals with it, and in a very interesting way.

Conventional Chronology	Ark Disc. Chronology	Event
n/a	c. 2348	Biblical flood
c. 3200-3000	c. 1915	Abraham brings wisdom to Egypt
c. 2660	c. 1715	Reign of Djoser, with Imhotep as Vizier

Whilst there is some debate amongst Egyptologists concerning dating events in Egyptian history, the vast majority of this discourse takes place within the overall framework of the appropriately named Conventional Chronology, mainly differing over more exact dates within the overall margins of error for each period, which vary from ~100 years for the early Old Kingdom, to 20-30 years in the Middle Kingdom, 10-20 years in the New Kingdom, before becoming insignificant (individual days or months) in the Late Period.

Many sources have been used from both archaeological and textual research to reach this chronology, including King Lists (such as the Palermo Stone, Turin Canon, and dear old Manetho). Reign lengths can also be confirmed (or corrected) by archaeological evidence. For example, blocks from a temple of Akhenaten, with his cartouche, have been found broken up and used as fill in material in the 2^nd pylon of the Prescient of Amun-Ra at Karnak, constructed by Horemheb. Therefore, we know for certain that Horemheb reigned after Akhenaten. Similarly, the distribution of regnal years on artefacts from well attested reigns can confirm or correct our knowledge from King Lists about a reign length. If we have many artefacts up to year 10 of Pharaoh X, but nothing beyond that, it would confirm a reign length of at least 10 years, even if Turin Canon reports a 5 year reign.

Dating can also be tied in to certain reigns by events in which Egyptian civilization interacts with others, for example we are absolutely certain that 18^th Dynasty Pharaoh Amunhotep III was the contemporary of Hittite King Tushratta, as they exchanged diplomatic correspondence which has survived, and that Ramesses II was contemporary with Muwatalli II due to inscriptions both left claiming triumph over the other at Kadesh, as well as a copy of the subsequent peace treaty, a copy of which is preserved at Karnak temple.

Furthermore, we are able to use records of astronomical observations from the time, which record the regnal date that they were taken, using these to anchor Egyptian regnal chronology to an absolute astronomical date. One such observation the Egyptians recorded is the helical rising of Sirius (spdt to the Egyptians). When a location is recorded (or can be ascertained from other details) it can pin a regnal date to an absolute date within a window of 4 years.

Finally, any organic material recovered from an archaeological context can be dated by scientific analysis, such as ¹⁴C (Radiocarbon) dating. ¹⁴C dating is not widely used in Egyptology as its margin of error is typically 40 years for items less than 10,000 years old, which makes it less accurate than historical models for most periods of Egyptian history.

To conclude the chronological issues, whilst Egyptology may not be able to give an exact absolute date for every event in Egyptian history, its overall framework is much more established and certain compared to Biblical literalism and "alternative" theories. It certainly has a far better basis than the literalist-based chronology presented by Wyatt, which is simply implausible when weighed against the widely used and accepted methods of dating, which are listed above.

Comparison list

Emmet Sweeny provides a handy comparison list between Imhotep and Joseph, noting apparent similarities in their lives. A reproduction is given below, with point-by-point notes. Most of these "points" for Imhotep come from the Famine Stela, which Sweeny has misinterpreted in several significant ways, which are addressed in the Famine Stela section of this page. The rebuttals here shall deal with archaeology rather than textual references, as far as possible.

Joseph	Imhotep	Commentary
Second in command under Pharaoh	Second in command under Pharaoh Djoser	Imhotep was indeed a Vizier, but no evidence exists for a "Joseph" ever being Vizier.
Lived to be 110 years of age	Lived to be 110 years of age	There is no evidence for a long life for Imhotep. Administrators often served under multiple Pharaohs, no evidence of Imhotep outliving Djoser, who reigned less than 30 years, nor of him serving Djoser's predecessor. There is also no evidence for the existence of Joseph.
Great architect and builder	Great architect and builder	Imhotep certainly was universally recognised. There is no architectural evidence at all of Joseph's building works, nor of his existence.
Stored up corn during 7 yrs. of plenty	Stored up corn during 7 yrs. of plenty	The sole piece of evidence for Joseph's existence or storage of grain is the Bible. Taxing in grain and storage of said grain was fundamental to Egyptian administration, and predates Imhotep.
Saw seven years of famine — fed people	Saw seven years of famine — fed people	This is a stereotyped Egyptian virtue that was said of any good official. "I fed the hungry and clothed the naked. I ferried the boatless…" Totally standard text. Once again, zero evidence of Joseph doing this.
Interpreter of dreams	Interpreter of dreams	This was common for wise men all over the ancient world. Nothing exciting. Even a scribe in the workers' town of Deir el Medina (hardly a courtier) had a dream dictionary in his personal library, to interpret dreams.
Built pyramids and palaces	Built pyramids and palaces	Imhotep definitely built these, see the Step Pyramid and the Heb Sed court. As for Joseph, you have the famous pyramids and palaces of Just Kidding, as there are none.
Overseer of Physicians	Was a Physician	It is unknown whether Imhotep oversaw physicians during his life, but he had a reputation for it once deified. Likely therefore, but hardly conclusive. Wisdom was often associated with medical knowledge in Egypt. Joseph definitely was, as the Bible says so.
Instituted income tax of 20%	Instituted income tax of 20%	No. Egypt already had income tax, and it was a variable rate dependent on the location and method of irrigation for the land.
Married into the Priesthood of "On"	Married into the Priesthood of "On"	Imhotep was a Priest of Heliopolis. He didn't marry into it. There is no evidence for Joseph outside the Bible.
Knowledge of Astrology	Knowledge of Astrology	There is no evidence of astrology in the western sense being used in Egypt, though astronomy was practised and had very strong religious and theological significance, but there is no evidence of it taking on the role that it has in the west, of portraying future events. As such Imhotep could not be an "astrologer", though as a Priest of Heliopolis he possibly was trained in astronomy, which was an important aspect of the Heliopolitan priesthood.
Coat of many breadths/colours	—	Nothing to do with Imhotep, though being a trusted courtier he likely had some very nice clothes indeed. Joseph's was upgraded by Technicolor.
Became an educated man	A poet and educated medical writer	Joseph, as always. Imhotep obviously was able and educated, but no conclusive evidence he wrote the texts ascribed to him, though it's possible he did, but they are now lost.
Overseer of public works	Overseer of public works	Imhotep is confirmed in this role. Nothing but Biblical myth for Joseph.
Legendary history	Legendary history	One thing both do share in common
Name means to add, increase, to join or gather together	Name means the one who comes in peace	Yes. And?
One of 12 siblings	One of 12 siblings	No solid evidence for either.

Famine Stela

The Famine Stela, Sahel Island, Aswan

Sweeny and Wyatt both make use of the so-called Famine Stela on Sahel Island, Aswan, in creating a "biography" of Imhotep, with Wyatt making specific reference to it and Sweeny using it as the basis for many of the supposed similarities between the lives of Joseph and Imhotep, the archaeological evidence for which (i.e., none) is discussed above.

However, some details about both the stela and its contents are omitted or distorted in their use of this source.

“”In the inscription, the pharaoh is troubled about a famine and asks Imhotep who the god of the Nile is, so he can approach him about the drought: "… I asked him who was the Chamberlain,… Imhotep, the son of Ptah… 'What is the birthplace of the Nile? Who is the god there? Who is the god?'" Imhotep answers: "I need the guidance of Him who presides over the fowling net,…"

—Mary Nell Wyatt

Wyatt has misquoted the translation, and edited it in minor but vitally important ways, which completely change the meaning of the text.

“”I directed my heart to turn to the past, I consulted one of the staff of the Ibis, The Chief Lector-Preist of Imhotep, Son of Ptah South of His Wall; "In which place is Hapy born?"

—The Famine Stela, translated by Miriam Lichtheim

The important part is bolded here. The Pharaoh, Djoser, is not addressing Imhotep, his Vizier. He is addressing the priest of the cult of god Imhotep. The priest is the one who provides the information, not Imhotep. The supposed similarities between Imhotep and Joseph, such as the establishment of a tax to prevent famine are all based on this incorrect translation.

Early translations of this text were misread in this way, and a few Egyptologists do still dispute this, but most scholarly opinion is now in accordance with the interpretation laid out by Lichtheim.

Conclusions

None of the points advanced by the various sites promoting this idea hold water. And whilst they all fail on their individual weaknesses, their argument should not be allowed to bury two key facts:

1. Chronology. Even if the mythical figure of Joseph, and the historical one of Imhotep are both ascribed certain similar characteristics, the fact is Imhotep lived c. 2660 BCE, and the first solely monotheistic references to Yahweh are not encountered historically until the 6^th to 8^th centuries BCE. Anything else may be an amusing debate, but is really sideshow to this single historical fact.
2. Lost in Translation. These similarities are all based on a misinterpretation of a single text, the Famine Stela. By a minor but crucial error in reading, the whole weight of the reading of the text has been shifted from a priest belonging to the cult of Imhotep, to Imhotep himself.

Inconclusions

The people who claim that Joseph was Imhotep also do not factor in that it has been mathematically demonstrated that Imhotep was invisible.

See also

• Ben Carson — perhaps the most famous believer

External links

• s8int.com (archived)
• Mary Nell Wyatt's article on Ark Discovery
• Betty Rhodes: The Red Thread
• Joseph and Israel in Egypt