North Korea

Map of North Korea.

“”If this were a movie, the evil iron-fisted dictator would get his comeuppance before the closing credits. In real life, the Kim family has been oppressing their starving little country for 65 goddamned years, with no end in sight, and getting steadily crazier with each passing day.

—Cracked

North Korea, officially known as the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK; Korean chosŏn'gŭl: 조선민주주의인민공화국; Korean hancha: 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國; Chosŏn Minjujuŭi Inmin Konghwaguk), is a small, "socialist" (North Korea no longer considers itself Marxist-Leninist), autarkic, malnourished, and Orwellian remnant of the Cold War, ruled by the hereditary dictator Kim Jong Un, and with Juche as the state religion in all but name. The official name is actually less accurate than the informal name (in contrast to its neighbor, the Republic of Korea (ROK), an actual democratic republic on the Korean peninsula).

The former ruler and grandfather of the current one, Kim Il Sung, is still the "Eternal President of the Republic", even though he's been dead for 30 years, and nothing on this plane of existence, especially governments, lasts anywhere near an eternity. He founded the nation with help from the Soviet Union and lorded over it as a God-king for 46 years. Likewise, his son Kim Jong Il inherited the office from daddy and continued to lead as the "Eternal General-Secretary" and "Eternal Chairman", ruling for 17 years. Since the present leader is a third-generation Kim, that would make North Korea the world's only communist dynasty (assuming that they can even still be called communist, as many argue that they are actually a monarchy in all but name). The regime is so abhorrently totalitarian that most – though not all – communists despise it (as monarchy was one of the things Marx rallied against).

It is perhaps the most undemocratic and totalitarian state in existence, even worse than Saudi Arabia and only contested by ISIS and the Taliban at their peak, and most certainly current Eritrea, with possibly the world's worst human rights record and one of the only countries in the world in which internet access is hugely censored and generally only available in the capital city, Pyongyang; indeed, those few regular people with computer access are only allowed to use an intranet, and their own Linux distro known as Red Star OS. The people in the country are starving to death, yet Kim still thought that he would reunite all of Korea under his benevolent heel one day.

North Korea is a rogue nation that is barely kept in check by China — which has many government officials who have taken to calling its leader 'Kim Fatty the Third' and 'Kim Fat Fat Fat' behind closed doors. Its isolation is so intense that it is the world's largest personality cult. China does not want to see North Korea collapse, as this would result in incredible numbers of refugees in flight across its border. China also doesn't want a united Korea, with the South taking the lead, in the US sphere. There has to be a regime change that China, South Korea, and the US can all cooperatively accept. (And while we're at it, everyone should get a pony.)

It remains to be seen when, or if, the North Korean regime can be safely defused and then dissolved. The first step would entail cracking open that cult isolation shell. Given the difficulties that resulted when 17 million East Germans were united with some 60 million West Germans to form a united Germany, some South Koreans also fear a reunification would result in economic and humanitarian disasters, as North Korea is much larger in comparison and much poorer (even in the 1980s right at the time collapse was inevitable, East Germany managed to export goods for hard currency at a notable rate. North Korea? Not so much). Therefore, almost all relevant players are rather content with the status quo. All except the North Koreans, that is. And nobody ever asks them.

While its southern sister now has generally free elections, the DPRK stands firm only as a totalitarian landfill of a crazed family.^{[citation NOT needed]} With a shrinking eagerness to reunite the peninsula, North Korea may remain crazed and temporally displaced for a long, long time.

Government

See the main article on this topic: Juche

The family tree of the royal dynasty of North Korea. The hereditary rule has survived for periods of time not seen since the feudal era.

“”Who wants this to be true? Who but a slave desires such a ghastly fate? I've been to North Korea… It has a dead man as its president. Kim-Jong Il is only head of the party and head of the army. He's not head of the government or the state. That office belongs to his deceased father, Kim Il-Sung. It's a necrocracy. A thanatocracy, it's one short of a trinity, I might add. The Son is the reincarnation of the Father. It is the most revolting, and utter, and absolute, and heartless tyranny that the human species has ever evolved. But at LEAST, you can fucking die and leave North Korea.

—Columnist Christopher Hitchens, comparing North Korea with the Abrahamic God, done numerous times.

North Korea's government has the perfect mix of absolute hyper-centralized power and poor, trapped citizens to form a system where the leading Kim and subordinates are free to muscle in absolutely any reality they want for their people, keeping them in perpetual fear. The country just has the perfect circumstances for unrivaled totalitarianism.

The country's official name (DPRK) is anything but accurate. Amusingly enough, the definition of "democratic" according to the Oxford English Dictionary is "a system of government by the whole population of a state". The definition of "republic" is "a state in which supreme power is held by the people," meaning that North Korea's full name means "People-ruled People's People-ruled State of Korea." In reality, North Korea is neither a democracy nor a republic (surprise, surprise): it is a full-blown dictatorship — specifically, an absolute hereditary monarchy in all but name. The real leader, Kim Jong-un, is officially only de facto head of the party (With his death, Kim Jong-il was declared "Eternal General Secretary" of the party, making him the head of the party de jure) and the head of the army. Despite being dead since 1994, Kim Il-sung is still the official head of state, which led Hitchens, as mentioned above, to refer to the nation as a "necrocracy" and "one short of a trinity". Unfortunately, the trinity would not be completed before Hitch shed the earthly bounds of his mortal body.

Warning: emblem depicts items NOT available in North Korea. Like raw materials, fucking food or any electricity of any kind (let alone hydropower).

Theocracy (in all but name)

North Korea's official ideology is 'Juche', a totally self-serving invention of Kim Il-sung that combines Stalinism and Maoism with fervent religious worship of Kim Il-sung and now his son and grandson. As part of the Juche ideology, North Korea's government is a dictatorship of three groups in society: the industrial proletariat, farmers and peasants, and intellectuals (represented by the symbol of the Worker's Party of Korea: a hammer, a sickle, and a calligraphy brush). This is in contrast to the usual communist notion that the dictatorship is either of the industrial proletariat only or of the industrial proletariat in conjunction with the farmers/peasants and, one supposes, makes North Korea slightly less bad in comparison to Cambodia under Pol Pot, who had all the intellectuals executed. Furthermore, after the fall of the USSR, the official North Korean propaganda shifted away from communism (though much of the imagery in sculptures, etc., remained). A few years ago, references to communism were removed entirely, despite the command economy still in force.

North Korea tends to prioritize resistance 'nationalism' (민족주의) over 'socialism' (사회주의) in the traditional sense. North Korea is a ethno-nationalist country, but whether it is a left-wing or far-right nationalist is debatable. Many traditional scholars regarded North Korea as a [anti-imperialistic] left-wing nationalist, referring to its internationalist nature, such as supporting the Third World anti-imperialist movement, but Brian Reynolds Myers and Robert E. Kelly regarded it as a [fascistic] far-right nationalist, criticizing its obsession with bloodlines and racist nature. North Korea has supported Diaspora Koreans who are discriminated against in Japan and supports the unity of Minjok (Korean ethno-"nation").

"Political parties"

Surprisingly enough, North Korea has three political parties, allegedly representing each of these classes, instead of the usual one in other communist states. None of these parties are independent to any degree, so don't let anyone fool you into thinking North Korea is a multiparty democracy or anything like that. The largest and most dominant of these parties is the Workers' Party of Korea. The real opposition, if it exists, is forcibly suppressed by the government to the point of paranoia; anyone who fails to show sufficient religious fervor toward the Great Leader, Dear Leader, and Great Successor is suspect.

Industry

The only interesting thing for North Koreans to do with their time.

North Korea's only real industry at this point is its military (which all men and women aged 18-35 are required to join). A joint North-South industrial park, Kaesong, has been was set up, but rather intrusive "security" regulations on workers and businessmen have prevented it from doing as well as it could have. North Korea benefited from favorable trade deals with other communist countries during the Cold War, particularly the USSR. However, when the USSR collapsed, there was no longer a market for inferior North Korean goods, and the Kims stopped receiving favorable prices on fuel and the like. DPRK factories stopped functioning, and a 'rust belt' emerged as factories fell into disrepair.

Instead, North Korea is trying to build its tourism by showcasing its "natural beauty". Considering the nation's near total lack of development, it has many natural wonders. Of course, the tourist board does not mention the spirit-crushing hunger that most non-military citizens endure (or much of the military, for that matter). This is hilarious since, when Korea was split, the southern part of the peninsula was the agricultural backwater, and the north was the industrial power.

North Korea is world-renowned in the underworld for its Breaking Bad levels of pure meth, among other specialties. Coincidentally, it also boasts the Rungrado 1^st of May Stadium, which is regarded as the largest stadium in the world, with a capacity of 150,000. The stadium holds the Mass Games (or the Arirang Festival) and the occasional public execution.

Believe it or not, North Korea has its own unit of currency, the North Korean Won (sign: ₩; code: KPW). Once in a while, you'll even see international currency trades involving it — just don't count on them happening at any particular time of year.

Human rights record, or lack thereof

North Korea, an astronomer's paradise. (Also pictured: South Korea and Japan with loads and loads of astronomy-hindering artificial light.)

“”No tyranny lasts forever.

—Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, first democratically-elected President of Mongolia, to Pyongyang's Kim Il Sung University in 2013

Grab some popcorn; this is going to be wild

North Korea is likely the most blatant violator of human rights globally. Amnesty International calls it "appalling", while Human Rights Watch calls it "grotesque indifference." While Kim Jong-il ate delicacies from around the globe, most of the country's population was starving, brainwashed, and terrified. Most Western and South Korean food aid is given to the Army and government officials, and only a trickle is available to the population. Conditions among the rank-and-file North Koreans during the famine in the 1990s were so bad that cannibalism (of children and relatives, living or dead) were reportedly practiced. More recent stories of cannibalism have been reported, but these events seem to be isolated cases or sensationalized rumors.

2014 UN map of known North Korean gulags.

At the same time, the government has told its people to blame Western sanctions and has even spread the story that it is stockpiling food to feed the starving South Korean masses. Millions have died of starvation, and many are forced to scavenge for food. Most of the population lives in villages with little or no food available and must rely on themselves to survive and keep their families alive. If they can afford it, they can buy from the country's secretive black market. These villages are among the most filthy and impoverished areas in the world.

People living in cities or towns have slightly better lives. They have access to state media and can get jobs in local factories, hospitals, or schools, but people's lives are constantly controlled by fear. The residents of Pyongyang live better than the rest of the country, to the point that the government rewards people by letting them live there. However, living conditions in Pyongyang are still poor by Western standards. And because Kim Il Sung apparently wanted to replicate as many aspects of George Orwell's 1984 as he could, each home has a radio on the wall that blares propaganda at given times and cannot be turned off. Each home in North Korean cities also must have well-maintained portraits of Kim Jong-il, Kim Il-sung, and Kim Jong-un.

Health care is universal in North Korea, but the perpetual poverty of the country makes it almost non-existent. North Korea's hospitals have extreme medicine and medical supplies shortages and use beer bottles as IVs. Most of their antiquated medical equipment is donated by the rest of the world, but few doctors know how to operate it. Doctors often have had to donate their own blood and pieces of skin when operating, so at least they care about your wellbeing.

North Koreans worshiping their gods.

Repression and culture of fear

Political repression is worse than in any other country globally, and even history would struggle to dig up worse. People often spy on each other for the slightest signs of disloyalty, and the government punishes offenders and three generations of their families to purge their tainted blood. Police can inspect someone's home at random and look for signs of disloyalty, such as a foreign television or a secret lover (premarital relationships are strictly forbidden, despite both Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il reportedly having many of them). As well as any open criticism of the government, any slight sign of disrespect for dead dictator Kim Il-sung, complaints about living conditions, or offenses by a family member can get one in severe trouble. In North Korea, "punishment" includes either public execution or imprisonment in one of a series of gulag-like camps in the mountains near the Chinese border, where people, some of them there for life, slave away to brutal guards, scavenge for food, eat their own waste, are tortured and interrogated and even raped, and are forced to watch and even participate in public executions. Many children do not even know that a world exists outside the camps. Three generations punishment means that these children will be born, raised, and live out their whole life in a camp because of something their grandparents did. According to the 2018 Global Slavery Index, an estimated 2,640,000 people are enslaved in modern-day North Korea or 10.456% of the population.

North Koreans are taught to hate and fear the rest of the world, especially South Koreans, Americans, and Japanese. The Japanese are a particularly virulent target of official DPRK state hate. Although a privileged few get the chance to meet a Westerner in a carefully guided tour throughout Pyongyang, almost all North Koreans have had absolutely no contact with citizens of foreign nations. The only media available is government-controlled (consisting of the Korean Central News Agency and a newspaper called the Rodong Sinmun). As previously mentioned, access to the internet is strictly forbidden. Amateur radio licenses are not issued to North Korean citizens. Mail can only be sent within the country (except for tourist postcards and government mail). Access to telephone lines going into and out of the country is restricted and always monitored. With information access from the rest of the world completely blocked off, no one except those who secretly listen to foreign radio or watch foreign television can get any real news. Many don't even know that people walked on the Moon.

Touris— wait, why are you going here???

Though foreigners can visit North Korea, tourism is generally considered risky. The regime has proven willing, if not eager, to hold political hostages; several westerners have been detained in recent years for what, to outsiders, may appear petty crimes. The punishment meted out by the North Korean regime is often harsh and has drawn criticism from human rights organizations. Though high-ranking US diplomats have managed to secure the release of American detainees in the past, the US Department of State likely doesn't enjoy dealing with this sort of thing and strongly advises against travel to the country.

COVID-19

We honestly have no clue how they're holding up to COVID. The only data we have is that the disease indeed managed to slither its way into the Hermit Kingdom in the first place; the rest we can only speculate on. At best, their extreme isolation might prevent any of the nastier antivaxx-gestated strains from getting a foothold. At worst, there will be many more bodies for the survivors to eat.

Why does it still exist?

“”The engagement camp asks: How can we lure them back to the table so that we can persuade them to disarm? The regime-change camp asks: Where can we squeeze to hasten the collapse? The big question we should be asking is: What about the day after? Because when North Korea goes, the Day After is likely to last 20 years.

—Bill Keller

Sino-North Korean friendship display.

This is a question that is frequently asked but infrequently answered. Part of it is due to its vicinity to post-Soviet era states, but it gets more complicated than that:

• The primary reason is that the North Koreans have dug a massive artillery network into the mountains, which is so deep that even modern bunker buster bombs couldn't reach them. These artillery pieces have the range to reach Seoul, one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Given the expectation of gas and chemical rounds, the civilian casualties could be in the tens, if not hundreds, of thousands. There would also be many ballistic missile attacks, possibly now even with nuclear warheads, against other South Korean and Japanese cities. After that, North Korea's ability to wage war would essentially be zero, as even its soldiers exist on starvation diets. These artillery pieces are falling apart, which necessitates North Korea acquiring, or at least pretending to acquire, nuclear weapons to preserve this stalemate.
• Add to that the fact that the annexation of North Korea could be the single largest humanitarian crisis in history, and there is a strong disincentive for the ROK and its allies to resume the war. While the US and South Korea obviously could beat the North Koreans, the ultimate dilemmas still remain "for what" and "at what cost", neither of which can be answered by the West yet. The goal and the ideal situation is for peaceful reunification like in Germany; however, many problems arise:
  • The average West German made roughly four times as much as their Eastern cousins, which becomes far less when accounting for West Germany's higher living costs and taxes. Today a typical South Korean makes over 20 times as much as a northern neighbor.
  • East Germany's population was barely a third of West Germany's; however, North Korea's is roughly half the size of the South's. That basically means that the ROK would be forced to absorb, in relative terms, much poorer people (and proportionately more of them) into their country if unification follows the German model. South Korea keeps up appearances, but taking on millions of unfed, untrained peasants may destroy its economy for decades. The South Korean legislature, in fact, rejected a special "Unification Tax", which would have set aside the revenue for spending in the north. Northerners would likely be lured south with the prospect of good-paying jobs and food.
    • This, in turn, would likely lead to yet another instance of widespread bigotry against "those dang job-stealing immigrants," as has happened so many times in the United States.
  • Infrastructure in the north is poorly maintained and far out of date. The skills of northern professionals would be obsolete compared to those of their southern cousins.
    

    North Korea's glorious industry!
  • There are also slight linguistic differences exacerbated by 70-some years of separation and isolation and far more significant cultural differences. Because of the culture shock for northerners when coming south, South Korea's Unification Ministry maintains a special boot camp to help them integrate into the culture. That type of program would not be possible for 20 million people. Meanwhile, the two Germanies were divided for a shorter time and reunified before the age of the internet settled, which created a massive shift in South Korean culture and its westernization compared to the more traditional north.
  • Because of this, there is a real danger that the privileged Southerners will treat North Koreans as an oppressed underclass after reunification. North Korean defectors to the South already suffer from high unemployment rates and make half the salary of an average South Korean.
  • At the least, in the roughly forty years of separation of the two German states, radio and television signals readily crossed the "internal border", citizens of the German Federal Republic and West Berlin could visit loved ones in the East, and people could send mail (although it would be censored) across the border. Such is possible but highly risky in Korea.
  • Another major difference is that the two German militaries never actually shot at each other during the Cold War, while the DPRK and ROK are still technically at war and occasionally flare up. Finally, there remains the question of how to mete justice to the Kims and other DPRK regime officials. What deal would possibly lure them away from absolute power and their illicitly gained wealth and hold them accountable for their human rights violations?
• Japan has strong anti-Korean sentiment (partly because Japan occupied and colonized Korea for 40 years) and does not want to deal with a unified Korea as a competitor. An economic forecast by Goldman Sachs indicates that a unified Korean state could have a GDP of about US$6 trillion by 2050, making Korea a significant economic rival. That said, Japan might be willing to trade that for a nuclear-free peninsula.

What is left?

All the cards are left with China, arguably the Kims' sole remaining ally on the entire planet; given the often chilly relationship with the US, China is not terribly keen on having the US Army camped out at the Yalu River. So, China throws North Korea a bone to maintain a buffer. However, there's also the realization that a collapse of the North Korean state would result in refugees streaming across the border in staggering numbers. With the third Kim's current threats to change the status quo, they have almost had enough with his shit and began devising plans with the US on sanctions. According to leaks, Beijing even seems to have recognized that militarily intervening might not be in their best interest (its dream scenario is probably to have North Korea liberalize along Vietnamese lines, but they're learning that the minimal and minuscule reforms so far — and numerous reversals of them — make this a fleeting prospect).

Nothing is certain, but the two most likely outcomes both lead to North Korea's destruction; perhaps as a prelude, the US is working alongside Japan and South Korea to bolster their defenses in the event of a North Korean attack.

US Military defectors to North Korea

Jenkins in 2007

After the Korean armistice, 21 American and 1 British soldier refused repatriation and chose to remain in North Korea. For their own reasons, a total of six American soldiers have defected to North Korea after the Korean armistice of 1953.

• Pvt. Larry Allen Abshier (1943-1983): Deserted in 1962, died in Pyongyang.
• PFC Roy Chung (1957-2004?): Deserted in 1979. There is a suspicion that he may have been abducted by DPRK troops.
• PFC James Joseph Dresnok (1941–2016): Deserted in 1962, died in Pyongyang. He worked as a teacher, translator, and actor.
• Sgt. Charles Robert Jenkins (1940–2017): Deserted in 1962, later left for Japan in 2004, where he lived until his death. He wrote a memoir, The Reluctant Communist.
• Cpl. Jerry Wayne Parrish (1944–1998): Deserted in 1962, died in Pyongyang.
• Pvt. Joseph T. White (1961–1985): Deserted in 1982. He reportedly drowned in the Ch'ongch'on River.

Abshier, Dresnok, Jenkins, and Parrish have all appeared as actors in many North Korean anti-American propaganda films, as have James Dresnok's sons, Ted and James Jr.

Gallery

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  North Korea's capital, Pyongyang. The large pointy building to the right is the Ryugyong Hotel, an expensive boondoggle that is now the tallest unoccupied building in the world.

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  Potato dumpling soup.

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  Industrial plant in Hamhung.

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  North Korean peasant farmers.

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  Murals of Kim Il-Sung and Kim Jong-il.

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  Kim and Trump met each other in Panmunjom.
  Dictator, meet Wannabe.

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  Arirang Mass Games: And you thought Triumph of the Will was a spectacle? Each pixel in in the slogan is being held up by a person.

See also

• Eritrea, infamously known as "Africa's North Korea"
• Hell
• Korean Friendship Association
• Kumdang-2
• Fun:North Korean Rhetorical Bingo
• Stimmekoreas
• Turkmenistan
• Tankies - people who defend the North Korean regime and pretend that any and all information about it are "western propaganda"

External links

• North Korea's official website.
• North Korean news headlines from the official English language service of the DPRK. This has to be a parody, right?
• North Korea at Rick Ross's Cult Education Institute.
• North Korea Today — Channel of North Korean propaganda films.
• Squirrel and Hedgehog — Channel of fan-translated North Korean propaganda animation
• A very funny North Korean government video on why citizens should keep North Korea beautiful, in accordance with socialist principles, by getting a haircut.
• Hi-res photo of Taepodong-2 launch on April 5, 2009
• Parody North Korea Tourism Page
• The Toughest Job in North Korea
• Life in the Cult of Kim
• The forbidden railway — Yes, a Swiss and Austrian citizen travelled by train from Vienna through Russia to Pyongyang without a minder.
• If you're actually dumb enough to think that nothing's wrong in North Korea, here's the 400-page 2014 UN inquiry into the regime's crimes against humanity. Have fun puking.
• Welcome to North Korea — The 2001 International Emmy Award-winning documentary about the Hermit Kingdom, shot mostly within the country with official permission. (Seoul Train is another one.)
• Crossing the Line, Documentary about US Army PFC James Joseph Dresnok, who defected to North Korea in 1962 (originally published by the British Bolshevik Commies).
• North Korea Leadership Watch — Research and Analysis on the DPRK Leadership
• 38 North — The US-Korea Institute at Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, devoted to informed analysis of North Korea
• Free Joseon (or Cheollima Civil Defense), a group supposedly associated with a grandson of Kim Jong-il (Kim Han-sol), conducted a raid on the North Korean Embassy in Spain
• The North Korea Paradox - Johnny Harris (Youtube)

References

Nations of the world

Africa:Algeria — Democratic Republic of the Congo — Egypt — Eritrea — eSwatini — Ethiopia — Guinea — Kenya — Liberia — Libya — Mali — Nigeria — Somalia — South Africa — Sudan — Togo — Uganda — Zimbabwe

Asia: Afghanistan — Armenia — Azerbaijan — Bahrain — Bangladesh — Brunei — Burma — Cambodia — China — Cyprus — Egypt — Georgia — India — Indonesia — Iran — Iraq — Israel — Japan — Jordan — Kazakhstan — Kuwait — Kyrgyzstan — Laos — Lebanon — Malaysia — Maldives — Mongolia — Nepal — North Korea — Oman — Pakistan — Palestine — Philippines — Qatar — Russia — Saudi Arabia — Singapore — South Korea — Syria — Tajikistan — Thailand — Timor-Leste — Turkey — Turkmenistan — United Arab Emirates — Uzbekistan — Vietnam — Yemen

Europe: Albania — Austria — Belarus — Belgium — Bosnia and Herzegovina — Bulgaria — Channel Islands — Croatia — Cyprus — Czechia — Denmark — Estonia — Finland — France — Germany — Greece — Hungary — Iceland — Ireland — Isle of Man — Italy — Latvia — Lithuania — Moldova — Netherlands — North Macedonia — Norway — Poland — Portugal — Romania — Russia — Serbia — Slovenia — Spain — Sweden — Switzerland — Turkey — Ukraine — United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) — Vatican City

North America: Canada — Costa Rica — Cuba — El Salvador — Grenada — Haiti — Jamaica — Mexico — Nicaragua — Panama — United States (Puerto Rico)

Oceania: Australia — Kiribati — Nauru — New Zealand — Papua New Guinea — Pitcairn Islands

South America:Argentina — Bolivia — Brazil — Chile (Rapa Nui) — Colombia — Ecuador — Falkland Islands (Malvinas)— Paraguay — Peru — Uruguay — Venezuela

Separatist or disputed:Abkhazia —Catalonia — Greenland — Kashmir — Kosovo — Kurdistan — Micronation — Northern Cyprus — Sealand — Somaliland — South Ossetia — Taiwan — Tibet — Transnistria — Western Sahara

Historical:Ancient Egypt — Belgian Congo — British Empire — Confederate States of America — East Germany — French colonial empire — German Empire — Holy Roman Empire — Imperial China — Kingdom of Hawaiʻi — Nazi Germany — Rhodesia — Roman Empire — Soviet Union — Vichy France — Yugoslavia